In late 2011, Michael Crichton’s possible last novel was published, implicating nanotechnology as both powerful and dangerous.

At the same moment, risk assessment and management regulations — along with reporting accountability and data standards — are being framed by both the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) and also the Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications working group (NEHI).

The further nanotech extends its reach into the manufacturing realm, the louder and more persistent questions of toxicity and long-term effects will become.

All the while huge progress is being made in terms of manufacturing reproducibility.  The genie is out of the bottle and setting up shop in box stores and hospital clinics alike.

This Nanotechnology Research Review provides a sampling of the type of quantitative market information, analysis, and guidance. 

It includes highlights from the following reports published in 2011:

• Advanced Ceramics and Nanoceramic Powders
• Quantum Dots: Technologies and Global Markets
• Nanobiotechnology: Applications and Global Markets
• Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
• Global Markets for Nanocomposites, Nanoparticles, Nanoclays and Nanotubes

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WATER TREATMENT

     INTRODUCTION 
          STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES  1
          REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 1
          INTENDED AUDIENCE  1
          SCOPE OF REPORT  2
          INFORMATION SOURCES  2
          ANALYST CREDENTIALS  2
          DISCLAIMER  3
     EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  3
          EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)  4
  TABLE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
     USED IN WATER TREATMENT, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)  5
  FIGURE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
     USED IN WATER TREATMENT, 2000­2015 ($ MILLIONS)  5
     OVERVIEW  6
          WATER CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY  6
                   Water Quality  7
                             Pathogens  8
  TABLE 2 WATERBORNE PATHOGENS 8
                             Arsenic  8
                             Disinfection By-products  9
                                        Trihalomethanes  9
                                        Haloacetic Acids  9
                             EDCs  9
                   Water Quantity  10
                             Water Quantity (Continued)  11
                             Desalination  12
                             Reuse  12
     POTABLE WATER  12
     INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER  13
  TABLE 3 POTENTIAL WASTEWATER COMPONENTS BY INDUSTRY 14
          HEAVY METALS  15
          ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  15
          OILY WASTEWATERS  15
     PROCESS WATER  16
          BOILER WATER  16
          COOLING WATER  17
           SEMICONDUCTOR WATER  17
           WATER FOR PHARMACEUTICALS  18
           WATER FOR CHEMICALS MANUFACTURE AND OIL AND
              GAS PROCESSING  18
           FOOD AND BEVERAGE PRODUCTION  19
           RADIOACTIVE WASTE  19
      GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION 20
           GLOBAL HOT SPOTS IN NEED OF GROUNDWATER
              REMEDIATION  21
   TABLE 4 GLOBAL HOTSPOTS FOR WATER POLLUTION  21
   TABLE 5 COST FOR REMEDIATING US SITES BY PROGRAM AND
     NUMBER OF LOCATIONS  22
           CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT METHODS  22
           NEWER REMEDIATION METHODS  23
      NANOTECHNOLOGY 23
           NANOSTRUCTURES  24
                Nanomaterial Properties  24
      NANOTECH AND WATER  25
   TABLE 6 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
     WATER TREATMENT  26
      PERCEIVED ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECH WATER TREATMENT  26
      POTENTIAL RISKS OF NANOTECH WATER TREATMENT  26
           IS THERE A MISMATCH BETWEEN NANOTECH CLAIMS
              AND REALITY?  27
                Is there a Mismatch Between (Continued)  28
           REGULATION OF NANOMATERIALS  29

CHAPTER TWO: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND GLOBAL MARKETS
     INTRODUCTION  30
          STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES  30
          REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 30
          INTENDED AUDIENCE  31
          SCOPE OF REPORT  31
          METHODOLOGY 31
          INFORMATION SOURCES  32
          ANALYST CREDENTIALS  32
          RELATED BCC REPORTS 32
     SUMMARY  33
  TABLE 7 GLOBAL VALUE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY MARKET BY
     END USER, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)  34
  FIGURE 2 GLOBAL VALUE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY MARKET BY
     END USER, 2009­2015 ($ MILLIONS) 34
     OVERVIEW  35
          INTRODUCTION  35
TABLE 8 SCOPE OF THIS REPORT  35
           NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY  36
TABLE 9 FEATURES OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES  36
           HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY  37
TABLE 10 HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY, 1931­
   2007 37
                      History of Nanotechnology (Continued)  38
           NANOTECHNOLOGY VALUE CHAIN  39
TABLE 11 VALUE CHAIN FOR NANOTECHNOLOGIES  39
    BIO-NANOMATERIALS  39
           OVERVIEW  39
TABLE 12 NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY MATERIALS  40
           APPLICATIONS STATUS  40
TABLE 13 NANOMATERIALS APPLICATIONS STATUS  40
                      Applications Status (Continued)  41
           LIFE CYCLE STATUS  42
TABLE 14 NANOMATERIALS LIFE CYCLE STATUS 42
    NANOPARTICLES  42
           NANOPARTICLES (CONTINUED) 43
TABLE 15 NANOPARTICLES IN IMAGING APPLICATIONS  44
    QUANTUM DOTS  45
TABLE 16 COMPARISON OF QUANTUM DOTS, FLUORESCENT
   DYES AND FLUORESCENT PROTEINS  46
FIGURE 3 QUANTUM DOT SPECTRA  46
FIGURE 4 FLUORESCENT DYE SPECTRA  47
    LIPOSOMES  48
TABLE 17 LIPOSOME TYPES  49
    DENDRIMERS 49
    NANOPORES 50
           TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF NANOPORE SEQUENCING  51
    NANOCRYSTALS  52
TABLE 18 ADVANTAGES OF NANOCRYSTAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY  53
    POLYMER STRUCTURES  54
    INTEGRATED NANOSTRUCTURES  54
           INTEGRATED NANOSTRUCTURES (CONTINUED)  55
    MARKET POTENTIAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY  56
TABLE 19 GLOBAL VALUE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY MARKET BY
   APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)  57
    NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY GROWTH DRIVING FORCES  57
TABLE 20 NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY MARKET GROWTH DRIVING
   FORCES  57
    NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY MATERIALS PLATFORMS 58
TABLE 21 GLOBAL VALUE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY MARKET BY
   PLATFORM, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 59
      NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE STATUS  60
   TABLE 22 LIFE CYCLE STATUS OF NANOMATERIALS  60
      NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY  60
   TABLE 23 NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY  61

CHAPTER THREE: QUANTUM DOTS: TECHNOLOGIES AND GLOBAL MARKETS
     INTRODUCTION  62
          MOTIVATION  62
          STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES  62
          SCOPE OF REPORT  63
          INTENDED AUDIENCE  63
          METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION  64
          ANALYST CREDENTIALS  64
          RELATED BCC REPORTS 65
     EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  65
          EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)  66
  TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN
     PROMISING MARKET SECTORS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)  67
  FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN
     PROMISING MARKET SECTORS, 2009­2015 ($ MILLIONS)  68
     TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW  68
          WHAT IS A QUANTUM DOT? 69
          HISTORY OF QUANTUM DOTS 69
  TABLE 25 CHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF QDS: FROM
     RESEARCH CURIOSITY THROUGH COMMERCIAL
     DEVELOPMENT, 1960S­2010  70
          PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS 70
  FIGURE 6 LUMINESCENCE SIZE REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT
     SEMICONDUCTOR AND METAL QUANTUM DOTS 71
  TABLE 26 COMPARISON OF EMISSION WAVELENGTH OF SC AND
     METAL NC QUANTUM DOTS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR SIZE  72
  TABLE 27 OTHER PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS  73
     QUANTUM DOT INDUSTRY  73
     APPLICATIONS AND STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QUANTUM DOTS  74
     BASIC STRUCTURES 75
  TABLE 28 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: BASIC
     STRUCTURES 75
     COMPOSITE STRUCTURES  76
  TABLE 29 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: COMPOSITE
     STRUCTURES 76
          COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS  76
  TABLE 30 QD MATERIAL TYPES AND THEIR COMMERCIAL
     APPLICATIONS  77
TABLE 31 KEY QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGIES AND
  APPLICATIONS  78
   PATENT ANALYSIS  79
   QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) AND DEVICE
     ASSEMBLY 80
   SYNTHESIS OF METAL CHALCOGENIDE QUANTUM DOTS  80
        VAPOR PHASE  80
TABLE 32 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: VAPOR PHASE  81
                 Aerosol Drop Method  81
                 Melt Atomization  82
                 Chemical Vapor Deposition  82
                 Physical Vapor Deposition  82
                 Molecular Beam Epitaxy  83
        LIQUID PHASE ("WET" COLLOID CHEMISTRY)  84
TABLE 33 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: LIQUID
  PHASE 84
TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) 85
                 Colloid  86
                           Batch Process  86
                           Continuous Flow  87
                 Precipitation  88
        SOLID PHASE  88
TABLE 34 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: SOLID PHASE  88
   SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON QDS  89
        LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS 89
TABLE 35 VARIOUS METHODS USED FOR SI-NC SYNTHESIS  90
                 Liquid Phase Synthesis (Continued)  91
        SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS 92
        VAPOR-PHASE SYNTHESIS  92
   SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS AND QDS  93
TABLE 36 VARIOUS SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL
  BEHAVIOR OF METAL-NCS  94
   SYNTHESIS OF CARBON QUANTUM DOTS  95
   ASSEMBLY OF QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURES 96
TABLE 37 QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY METHODS  97
        LITHOGRAPHY  98
                 Conventional Top-Down Methods  98
                 Nanolithography  98
        FILM FORMATION  99
                 Cast Film 100
                 Langmuir-Blodgett  100
                 Layer-by-Layer  100
                 Metamaterials 101
                 Biomolecular Self-Assembly  102
                      Photopatternable Arrays  103
                  OTHER TECHNIQUES  103
                      Digital Printing 103
                      Nanoporous Templates  104
                            Nanoporous Templates (Continued)  105

CHAPTER FOUR: ADVANCED CERAMICS AND NANOCERAMIC POWDERS
     INTRODUCTION  106
          STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES  107
          CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY  107
          SCOPE OF REPORT  108
          METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES  108
          INTENDED AUDIENCE  109
          ANALYST CREDENTIALS  109
          RELATED BCC REPORTS 110
     EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  110
  TABLE 38 US CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE
     CERAMIC POWDERS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$
     MILLIONS)  111
  FIGURE 7 US CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND NANOSIZED
     CERAMIC POWDERS, 2010­2016 (% OF TOTAL VALUE
     CONSUMED)  111
  FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED)  112
     OVERVIEW OF ADVANCED CERAMIC POWDERS  112
     POWDER TYPES  113
  TABLE 39 COMMONLY USED ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIAL
     FAMILIES  113
  TABLE 39 (CONTINUED) 114
     POWDER SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES  114
          CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION  114
  TABLE 40 PROCESS STEPS TO PRODUCE ß-SIC VIA
     CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION  115
          VAPOR-PHASE REACTIONS  115
                  Thermal Decomposition 115
                  CVD Process 116
  FIGURE 8 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THERMAL REACTOR SYSTEM
     FOR PRODUCING CERAMIC POWDERS BY CVD  116
          PLASMA PROCESSES  116
  TABLE 41 PLASMA SYNTHESIS OF CERAMIC POWDERS  117
  TABLE 41 (CONTINUED) 118
                  DC Arc Plasma Process  118
  FIGURE 9 SCHEMATIC OF A DC ARC PLASMA FURNACE
     DEVELOPED BY JAPAN'S NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
     FOR METALS  118
              RF Plasma Process  119
FIGURE 10 LOS ALAMOS RF PLASMA REACTOR  119
              Plasma Rapid Solidification Technology  120
              Reactive Electrode Submerged Arc  121
        SOL-GEL TECHNIQUES  121
              Alkoxide Route  121
              Internal Gelation  122
        PRECIPITATION  122
        HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS  123
        EMULSION PROCESS  124
FIGURE 11 PROCESS FLOWCHART FOR EMULSION PROCESS TO
   PRODUCE BARIUM TITANATE  125
        LASER SYNTHESIS  126
        COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS/SELF-PROPAGATING HIGH-
           TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS  126
        COMBINATORIALLY DISCOVERED MATERIALS  127
        POWDER SYNTHESIS COMPARISON  128
TABLE 42 POWDER SYNTHESIS COMPARISON  128
TABLE 17 (CONTINUED) 129
TABLE 43 POWDER PROCESSES FOR VARIOUS CERAMIC
   MATERIALS  130
   MATERIAL APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES  131
        STRUCTURAL CERAMICS  131
        ELECTRONIC CERAMICS  131
        CERAMIC COATINGS  131
        CHEMICAL PROCESSING AND ENVIRONMENT RELATED  132
TABLE 44 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL USES FOR ADVANCED
   CERAMICS  132
TABLE 44 (CONTINUED) 133
        ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS  133
TABLE 45 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF
   ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS  134
              Monolithic Structural Ceramics 135
TABLE 46 PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL ALUMINA
   SPECIFICATIONS  135
TABLE 47 PROPERTIES OF NORZIDE YZ-110 TETRAGONAL
   ZIRCONIA POLYCRYSTALS (TZP)  136
TABLE 48 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND CRITICAL FLAW SIZES OF
   MONOLITHIC AND COMPOSITE CERAMICS MATERIALSA  137
TABLE 49 PROPERTIES OF MONOLITHIC CERAMICS AND
   CERAMIC COMPOSITES 138
TABLE 50 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS ZIRCONIAS  139
              Ceramic Matrix Composites  139
        CERAMIC COATINGS  139
   TABLE 51 HIGH-PERFORMANCE CERAMIC COATING MATERIALS
      AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS  140
   TABLE 52 REPRESENTATIVE FLAME AND PLASMA SPRAYED
      MATERIALS, MELTING OR SOFTENING TEMPERATURE, AND
      USES  140
   TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 141
            ELECTRONIC CERAMICS  142
                       Insulators  142
   TABLE 53 CERAMIC INSULATORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES  143
                       Substrates, IC Packages, and Multichip Modules  143
   TABLE 54 CERAMIC SUBSTRATE PROPERTIES  144
   TABLE 55 CANDIDATE CERAMIC SUBSTRATE MATERIALS FOR
      ELECTRONICS  145
                       Capacitors  145
   TABLE 56 DIELECTRIC MATERIAL FOR MULTILAYER CERAMIC
      CAPACITOR (BARIUM TITANATE-BASED CERAMIC)  146
                       Piezoelectric Ceramics  147
                       Advanced Batteries and Fuel Cells 147
                       Magnetic Ferrites  148
                       Superconductors  149
            CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED CERAMICS  150
                       Ceramic Membranes and Filters  150
                       Catalysts and Catalytic Supports  151
            OTHER TECHNICAL ISSUES  152
                       Particle Size  153
                       Rheology Control  154
                       Uniformity 154
                       Other Material Properties  154
      END-USER INDUSTRIES  155
            COMPANIES  155
   FIGURE 12 CERAMIC POWDER END-USER INDUSTRIES (%)  155
            OUTPUT  156
   TABLE 57 US MARKETS FOR ADVANCED CERAMIC
      COMPONENTS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)  156
      OVERALL US MARKET FOR ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE
         CERAMIC POWDERS  157
   TABLE 58 US MARKETS FOR ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE
      CERAMIC POWDERS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$
      MILLIONS)  157-158

CHAPTER FIVE: GLOBAL MARKETS FOR NANOCOMPOSITES, NANOPARTICLES, NANOCLAYS, AND NANOTUBES
    INTRODUCTION  159
         STUDY BACKGROUND 159
          STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES  159
          INTENDED AUDIENCE  160
          SCOPE AND FORMAT  160
          METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES  160
          ANALYST CREDENTIALS  161
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  162
TABLE 59 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF NANOCOMPOSITES,
   THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 162
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF NANOCOMPOSITES, 2010­
   2016 ($ MILLIONS)  162
    NANOCOMPOSITES OVERVIEW  163
          GENERAL DESCRIPTION  163
               Definitions 163
                     Composites  163
                     Nanocomposites  163
                               Fillers versus Matrix Materials  163
               Brief History of Nanocomposites  164
    GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES VERSUS
      CONVENTIONAL COMPOSITES  165
          INCREASED TENSILE STRENGTH, MODULUS, AND HEAT
            DISTORTION TEMPERATURE  165
          COLOR/TRANSPARENCY  165
          CONDUCTIVITY  166
          FLAME RETARDANCY  166
          BARRIER PROPERTIES  166
          ANTICORROSIVE PROPERTIES  166
    TYPES OF NANOCOMPOSITES, THEIR PROPERTIES AND
      APPLICATIONS  167
          CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES  167
               Materials  167
                     Clay Fillers  167
                               Natural Clays  167
                                          Montmorillonite  168
                                          Vermiculite  168
                                          Octosilicate  168
                                          Bentonite  169
                                          Hectorite  169
                                          Halloysite 169
                               Synthetic Clays  170
                                          Fluorohectorite  170
                                          Hydrotalcite  171
                                          Laponite  171
                     Matrix Materials  171
                               Nylon 172
                           Butyl  172
                           Thermoplastic Olefins 172
                           Polyethylene  173
                           Polypropylene  173
                           Polyvinyl Chloride  174
                           Ethylene Vinyl Acetate  174
                           Other Matrix Materials  175
                                      Polyethylene Terephthalate  175
                                      Acetal           175
                                      Polychloroprene  175
                                      Nitrile Rubber  175
                                      Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol  176
             Fabrication  176
                   Production and Pre-Treatment of Clay Filler
                       Materials  176
                   Compounding  176
             Types of Clay Nanocomposites  177
                   Commercial Clay Nanocomposites  177
TABLE 60 PROPERTIES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL
  TYPES OF COMMERCIAL CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 177
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) 178
                           Nylon/Montmorillonite  178
                                      Automotive Applications  178
                                      Packaging Applications  179
                                      Life Sciences Applications  179
                           TPO/Montmorillonite  179
                                      Automotive Applications  179
                           EVA/Montmorillonite 179
                                      Flame-retardant Applications  180
                           Polypropylene/Montmorillonite  180
                                      Automotive Applications  180
                                      Fire-retardant Applications 180
                                      Other Applications  181
                           Polyethylene/Montmorillonite  181
                                      Packaging Applications  181
                                      Automotive Applications  181
                           Acetal/Montmorillonite  181
                           Nylon/Mica Fluoride  181
                                      Automotive Applications  181
                           Butyl/Vermiculite  182
                                      Consumer Products Applications  182
                                      Other Applications  182
                   Other Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites under
                       Development  182
TABLE 61 OTHER CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES  183
                               PET/Montmorillonite  183
                               EVOH/Montmorillonite  183
                               Other Matrix Materials/Vermiculite 184
             Applications  184
TABLE 62 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF CLAY CONTAINING
  COMPOSITES  184
TABLE 62 (CONTINUED) 185
                    Automotive  185
                    Packaging  185
                    Healthcare  185
                    Consumer Products  185
                    Flame-retardants  186
             Suppliers  186
TABLE 63 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE SUPPLIERS  186
TABLE 63 (CONTINUED) 187
                    Suppliers (Continued)  188
        CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES  189
             Materials  190
                    Ceramic Fillers 190
                               Silica  190
                               Alumina  190
                               Zirconia  191
                               Tungsten Carbide 191
                               Organosilicates  191
                    Matrix Materials  191
                               Polymer Matrix Materials  191
                                          Polyurethane  192
                               Epoxy  192
                    Metals and Metal Oxides  192
                               Titanium Dioxide  192
                               Cobalt  193
                    Other Materials 193
                               Calcium Phosphate  193
                    Fabrication  193
                    Inorganic Moiety-Containing Monomers  193
                    In Situ Fabrication of Ceramic Nanocomposite
                          Films  194
                    Fabrication of WC/Co Nanocomposite Aggregates  194
             Types and Properties  195
TABLE 64 PROPERTIES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS FOR PRINCIPAL
  TYPES OF CERAMIC-CONTAINING NANOCOMPOSITES  195
                    Polyurethane/Alumina 195
                    Titanium Dioxide/Alumina  196
                    Alumina/Zirconia  196
                    Epoxy/Carbon Fiber/Silica  196
                    Polyurethane/Organosilica  197
                    Cobalt/Tungsten Carbide 197
                    Calcium Phosphate/Silica  197
                    PET-Oxynitride  197
             Applications  198
TABLE 65 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF CERAMIC CONTAINING
  COMPOSITES  198
                    Coating Applications 198
                               Floor Finishes  198
                               Thermal Spray Coatings 199
                               Window Coatings  199
                    Life Sciences  200
                               Hip Implants  200
                               Artificial Spinal Disks 200
                               Bone Replacements and Cements  201
                    Consumer Products  201
                               Tennis Racquets  201
                    Other Applications  201
                               Cutting Tools, Wear Parts  201
             Suppliers  201
TABLE 66 CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITE SUPPLIERS  202
        CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES  202
             Materials  203
                    Fillers  203
                               Carbon Nanotubes  203
                               Fullerenes  203
                               Carbon Nanofibers  203
                    Matrix Materials  203
                    Polymers  204
                               Polycarbonate  204
                               Polybutylene Terephthalate  204
                               Polyphenyl Ether  204
             Fabrication Technologies 205
                    Oriented Nanocomposite Extrusion Process 205
                    Layered Fabrication 205
                    CNT Fibers  206
             Types of Carbon Nanotube Composites  206
TABLE 67 PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE 206
                    Nylon/MWNT Composites  207
                    Polycarbonate/MWNT Composites 207
                    Polyvinyl Alcohol/MWNT Composites  207
                    Polybutylene Terephthalate/MWNT Composites  207
                   Polyphenylene Ether/Polyamide/MWNT
                       Composites  207
                   Epoxy/MWNT/Carbon Fiber Composites  208
                   Polyurethane/Fullerene Composites  208
                   MDMO-PPV/Fullerene  208
             Applications  209
TABLE 68 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOTUBE COMPOSITES 209
                   Automotive Components 209
                            Fuel System Components  209
                            Exterior Parts  210
                   ESD Applications  210
                   Consumer Products  210
                            Tennis Racquets  210
                            Golf Clubs  211
                            Bicycles  211
                            Bowling Balls 211
                            Boats  211
                            Other Sporting Goods  212
                   Textiles  212
                   Solar Cells  213
             Suppliers  213
TABLE 69 CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE SUPPLIERS  213
        METAL-CONTAINING NANOCOMPOSITES  214
             Hybrid Organic-Metal Photovoltaics  214
        NANOCOMPOSITE CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY/REGION  215
TABLE 70 CONSUMPTION OF NANOCOMPOSITES BY
   COUNTRY/REGION, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 215
FIGURE 14 TRENDS IN GLOBAL NANOCOMPOSITE
   CONSUMPTION, 2010­2016 ($ MILLIONS)  216