The goal of this study is to determine what technologies exist to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and at what price, with a focus on the utility and power generation sector. A further goal is to determine what technologies are emerging that could compete with the existing technologies in use or displace those technologies. An objective of the study is to determine what the costs would be to the purchasers of carbon capture equipment and also what the impact would be on the consumer. Another objective is to determine which companies own the technologies to capture carbon dioxide and to determine how they are positioning their technology to compete against other technologies and if they were acquiring new technologies from start-up companies.
 
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
 
With global warming receiving extended coverage in the popular media and being recognized as a global problem requiring the participation of most of the world’s governments and people to find a solution, this study seeks to define exactly what is being done by who with what expected results, at what cost. There remains a controversy over how much global warming there is and to what extent this is a man-made condition or a natural cycle of climate change. From this perspective, we seek to determine what can be expected during the next 5 years. This study discusses whether certain trends that are starting now can be expected to continue.
 
INTENDED AUDIENCE
 
The intended audience is all of the corporations or individuals who have an interest in reducing their carbon dioxide emissions and the companies that may wish to invest in, license, install, or acquire promising carbon dioxide capture technologies. This report is an impartial presentation of the best available technologies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. This technical marketing report should also be of interest to state utility regulators who must make decisions that affect billion-dollar investments by corporations as well as the future cost of electricity (COE) for the rate payers.
 
This report should also be of interest to subcontractors in the electric power construction industry, pipe manufacturers, and pipe fitters, as new electric power projects that capture carbon dioxide will need to pipe it from the site to a storage facility.
 
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
 
The report examines global markets for carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology, the status of competing carbon capture technologies as well as global technological research and development (R&D) for carbon capture technologies to prevent global warming. It also covers technologies able to capture carbon dioxide from stationary sources at the point of emission. This report does not cover technologies that are used to capture other global warming gases such as methane, water vapor, or various oxides of sulfur or nitrogen.
 
Major market and market segments are measured and forecasted for several years, including 2009, and 5-year forecasts are made to 2014 in most cases.
 
METHODOLOGY
 
The initial task was to determine the technologies suited to capture carbon dioxide for electric power applications and determine the cost of those technologies based on the cost per megawatt (MW) of capacity. The Appendix lists companies that provide the technologies and which companies were buying and why. An additional analysis was to list projects for each of the key technologies, including the necessary parameters, the expected cost of the project, the size of the project in megawatts, and how much carbon dioxide the project might expect to capture per year. Those projects expected to start in the 2009–2014 time frame form the basis for the forecast of growth for the carbon capture technologies examined in this report with due respect to global economic conditions and demographics.
 
Taking into account the number of projects, another focus involved enumerating existing projects employing the same technologies to determine historic and current values for these technologies. Some legacy technologies have found uses in other industries and applications not related to the electric utility and not always related to just capturing carbon dioxide. The world’s oxygen market is discussed briefly to show the place of oxy-combustion activity in other applications. The baseline for estimates in this technical/marketing report is chosen as 1990.
 
Another parameter was to determine how much carbon dioxide in millions of metric tons (MTs) is being captured for the world merchant gas market, how much carbon dioxide is being consumed in the manufacture of other chemicals and products, and how much is being consumed by the tertiary method of oil recovery known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This step included identifying the sources of carbon dioxide used in these applications by company, and included estimates of production for the U.S. and the rest of the world (ROW).
 
A search of THOMAS.gov (Library of Congress) and other sources was made to determine the many bills pending before Congress that will affect the regulation of carbon dioxide. A search of state records shows U.S. state legislation in effect or proposed for governing the emission of CO2. Regulation of CO2 on the international and national level is the driving force in CO2 capture, and those regulations were surveyed as well.
 
U.S. patents are examined, and more than 100 research projects taking place in the U.S., Europe, Canada, and Australia also were studied to determine what new technologies were emerging that offer cheaper CO2 capture. All of these sources were considered and analyzed to determine the overall value of carbon dioxide capture during the next 5 years.

Highlights of the Report:

•The status of competing technologies as well as technological research and development for systems designed to mitigate global warming
•Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2009, estimates for 2010, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2015
•Coverage of technologies that are able to capture carbon dioxide from stationary sources at the point of emission; the report, however, does not evaluate technologies that are used to capture other global warming gases such as methane
•Examination of current and pending U.S., state, and international regulations governing the emission of carbon dioxide
•Comprehensive company profiles and patent evaluations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 
INTENDED AUDIENCE 
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 
RICHARD HILTON, ANALYST 
ANNA CRULL, CONSULTANT 
DISCLAIMER

CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY 
SUMMARY  7
SUMMARY TABLE VALUE CUMULATIVE CAPITAL BASE OF CCS
TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS)  8
SUMMARY FIGURE VALUE CUMULATIVE CAPITAL BASE OF CCS
TECHNOLOGIES, 2005-2014 ($ BILLIONS)  9
SUMMARY (CONTINUED)  10

CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW 
OVERVIEW . 11
OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) . 12
GLOBAL EFFORTS TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE  13
KYOTO AGREEMENT  13
Clean Development Mechanism . 14
Clean Development … (Continued)  15
LONDON PROTOCOL: SUBSEA CO2 REGULATIONS . 16
EUROPEAN CLIMATE EXCHANGE . 16
STOCKHOLM CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE . 17
TECHNOLOGIES EXAMINED . 18
PRE-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES . 18
OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION  18
POST-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY  19
Post-Combustion Technology (Continued)  20
ANOTHER VIEW . 21
ELECTRICITY COSTS . 21
TABLE 1 REPRESENTATIVE U.S. RESIDENTIAL COST OF
A KWH OF ELECTRICITY BY STATE, MAY 2010 (/KWH)  21
TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)  22
AIR QUALITY CONTROLS FOR PULVERIZED COAL  23
COAL CONSUMPTION AND POWER PLANTS . 24
USERS OF CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES . 24
USERS OF CARBON CAPTURE … (CONTINUED) . 25
ALTERNATIVES  26
OTHER ASPECTS  27
OTHER ASPECTS (CONTINUED) . 28

CHAPTER FOUR: CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION AND R&D 
CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION RULES AND PROPOSALS  29
CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION … (CONTINUED) . 30
SEQUESTRATION OPTIONS . 31
CARBON SEQUESTRATION  32
LARGE-SCALE REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION
RESEARCH PROJECTS  32
TABLE 2 VALUE U.S. CO2 GEOLOGIC STORAGE PROJECTS ($
MILLIONS) . 33
TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)  34
Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership . 34
Plains CO2 Reduction … (Continued)  35
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership  36
Southeast Regional Carbon … (Continued) . 37
West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership  38
Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium . 38
Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership 39
Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership  39
OTHER SIGNIFICANT SEQUESTRATION PROGRAMS . 40
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum  40
Carbon Sequestration … (Continued)  41
R&D PROGRAMS  42
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) . 42
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy . 43
Basic Energy Sciences . 43
Biomass and Biorefinery System  44
Clean Coal Power Initiative  44
Clean Coal Power Initiative (Continued) . 45
Climate Change Research . 46
Genomic Science Program . 46
NETL or National Energy Technology Laboratory  47
Strategic Center for Coal . 48
GLOBAL R&D BY REGION  48
TABLE 3 WORLDWIDE CCS RESEARCH SPENDING FORECAST BY
REGION, 2014 ($ MILLIONS)  48
United States . 49
FutureGen and Advanced Turbines . 49
FutureGen and … (Continued) . 50
FIGURE 1 SCHEMATIC FUTUREGEN INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES . 51
Canada . 51
European Union . 52
European Union (Continued) . 53
Germany  54
Germany (Continued)  55
Norway  56
U.S.-U.K. Collaboration. 57
U.S.-U.K. Collaboration (Continued) . 58
China-EU/COACH . 59
China  59
Japan  60
Australia  61
Rest of World (ROW) . 61
India  61
R&D TECHNOLOGY TYPE  62
TABLE 4 CCS MATERIALS RESEARCH MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY ($
MILLIONS) . 63
Membranes  63
TABLE 5 VALUE OF CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE MEMBRANE
RESEARCH ($ MILLIONS) . 63
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)  64
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)  65
Combustors/Turbines  65
TABLE 6 PROJECTED VALUE OF COMBUSTOR/TURBINE RESEARCH
PROJECTS, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)  66
Zeolites . 67
TABLE 7 VALUE OF ZEOLITE RESEARCH FOR CO2 CAPTURE ($
MILLIONS) . 68
FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC FOR METAL MONOLITHIC AMINE GRAFTED
ZEOLITES FOR CO2 CAPTURE . 69
Silicates  70
Ionic Liquids  71
TABLE 8 VALUE IONIC LIQUIDS RESEARCH FOR CO2 CAPTURE, 2006
($ MILLIONS)  72
Other CO2 Absorbent Materials  73
TABLE 9 APPROXIMATE VALUE OF ADDITIONAL CO2 ABSORBENT
MATERIALS RESEARCH ($ MILLIONS)  74
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED)  75
INFORMATION SOURCES . 76

CHAPTER FIVE: PRE-COMBUSTION AND OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY 
INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE  77
TABLE 10 GLOBAL IGCC PLANT GROWTH PROJECTIONS: SYNGAS
PRODUCTION VS. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2014
(MWTH* VS. MWE**) . 77
TABLE 11 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT GROWTH PROJECTIONS:
CUMULATIVE VALUE OF SYNGAS AND ELECTRIC PLANTS,
THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS)  78
IGCC ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS  79
TABLE 12 GLOBAL CARBON CAPTURE CAPITAL BASE PROJECTIONS,
THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS)  80
TABLE 13 PROJECTED U.S. AND ROW IGCC MW BASE
FOR POWER, THROUGH 2014  81
IGCC TECHNOLOGY  81
TABLE 14 COAL PLANT EFFICIENCY BY COAL TYPE (%)  82
Technology Distribution  82
TABLE 15 PROJECTED U.S. AND ROW IGCC MW BASE
FOR POWER, THROUGH 2014 (MW/NO. OF PROJECTS)  83
TABLE 16 PLANNED MEGAWATTS OF IGCC POWER PLANTS
WORLDWIDE 2014 (MW/%) . 84
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN IGCC  85
TABLE 17 MAJOR IGCC COMPONENTS: COST AND PLANT FUNCTION (%) . 85
Combined Cycle Power Block  85
Gasifier . 86
Coal Handling Equipment  86
Moving-Bed Reactors  86
Fluidized-Bed Reactors . 87
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion  87
Entrained-Flow Reactors  87
Syngas Cleanup . 88
Other Components and Control Systems . 89
FIGURE 3 SCHEMATIC IGCC PROCESS . 90
METHODS OF MANUFACTURE . 90
Process Economics . 91
TABLE 18 POWER PLANT CAPITAL COSTS WITHOUT AND WITH CCS
($/MILLION MW) . 91
Process Economics (Continued)  92
Process Comparison . 93
TABLE 19 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF IGCC VS. THE BEST
PULVERIZED COAL PLANTS  93
TABLE 20 COMPARISON OF IGCC, SUBCRITICAL PULVERIZED COAL,
SUPERCRITICAL PULVERIZED COAL CO2 EMISSIONS (LB/MWH) . 94
TABLE 21 COMPARISON OF GE, CONOCOPHILLIPS, AND SHELL
TECHNOLOGIES COSTS AND EFFICIENCY  94
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT  95
ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES  95
Environmental Advantages (Continued) . 96
TABLE 22 IGCC VS. pULVERIZED COAL WITH ADVANCED POLLUTION
CONTROLS ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON . 97
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS  97
TABLE 23 WORLDWIDE PROJECTED MARKET SHARES OF IGCC
FOR ELECTRICITY, 2007–2012 (NUMBER OF PROJECTS/%)  98
TABLE 24 PROJECTED IGCC CO2 POTENTIAL FOR EMISSION CREDITS
VS. PULVERIZED COAL AND SUPERCRITICAL PULVERIZED POWER
PLANTS, THROUGH 2012  98
Industry Drivers  99
TABLE 25 IGCC INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS. INHIBITORS  99
Strategies . 100
Shifts  100
IMPORTANCE OF PATENTS  100
Patents by Application  101
TABLE 26 U.S. CO2 CAPTURE PATENTS BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2005–
2009 (%)  101
Patent Technology by Region  101
TABLE 27 CARBON DIOXIDE-RELATED PATENTS BY GLOBAL
REGION, 2005–2009 (%) . 102
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH . 102
Importance of Research (Continued) . 103
TABLE 28 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT GROWTH PROJECTIONS:
SYNGAS PRODUCTION VS. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, THROUGH
2014 (MWTH* VS. MWE**)  104
OTHER ASPECTS  105
THE COAL UTILIZATION SCIENCE PROGRAM . 105
The Coal Utilization … (Continued) . 106
TABLE 29 WORLDWIDE OXYGEN APPLICATION MARKETS, 2009 ($
BILLIONS) . 107
TABLE 30 GLOBAL OXYGEN MARKET PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2014
($ BILLIONS/BCF/MMTS)  107
TECHNOLOGY MARKET FOR OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION OR
CARBON CAPTURE . 108
TABLE 31 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE UTILITY MARKET FOR
COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2014 ($
BILLIONS) . 108
OXY-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY  109
MAJOR OXY-FUEL POWER GENERATION COMPONENTS  109
TABLE 32 MAJOR OXY-COMBUSTION COMPONENT
COSTS, 2009 (%)  110
Boiler-Turbine Generator  110
Air Separation Unit . 111
Carbon Dioxide Cooler/Condenser/Compressor . 112
Air Pollution Controls . 112
PROCESS ECONOMICS . 113
FIGURE 4 SCHEMATIC OXY-FUEL SYSTEM . 113
TABLE 33 COST OF STATE-OF-THE ART 740 MW PULVERIZED COAL
OXY-COMBUSTION PLANT WITH CO2 CAPTURE COMPARED WITH
A PULVERIZED COAL AIR-FIRED COAL PLANT WITHOUT CO2
CAPTURE, 2009 . 114
TABLE 34 SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL COSTS COMPARED WITH
ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL COSTS, WITH AND WITHOUT
CAPTURE, 2009 . 115
TABLE 35 OXY-FUEL COMPONENT COST OF ENERGY, 2009 (C/KWH/%)  116
PROCESS COMPARISON . 116
TABLE 36 ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL PERFORMANCE
COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL PERFORMANCE,
WITH AND WITHOUT CAPTURE, 2009 . 117
TABLE 37 AUXILIARY POWER LOSS FOR OXY-FUEL POWER PLANT . 117
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT  118
ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES  118
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS:
COMBUSTION . 118
Industry Market Shares  119
TABLE 38 COMPANY MARKET SHARES OF OXY-FUEL FOR UTILITY
APPLICATIONS, 2009 ($ MILLIONS/%) . 120
Industry Drivers  120
Industry Drivers (Continued)
TABLE 39 OXY-FUEL INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS. INHIBITORS  122
Strategies . 122
Shifts  122
Industry Impacts . 123
Regulatory Environment . 124
Importance of Research and Patents  124
Importance of Research … (Continued) . 125
Importance of Research … (Continued) . 126

CHAPTER SIX: POST-COMBUSTION CCS 
TECHNOLOGY MARKET FOR POST-COMBUSTION CCS  127
TABLE 40 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE VALUE OF POST-COMBUSTION
STORAGE PROJECTS AND ONGOING EOR, THROUGH 2014 ($
BILLIONS) . 127
POST-COMBUSTION RECOVERY APPLICATION MARKET . 128
TABLE 41 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE VALUE OF CO2 CAPTURE
PROJECTS, CO2 CAPTURE, AND VALUE OF CO2, THROUGH 2014 . 129
FIGURE 5 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARE OF CCS
TECHNOLOGIES BY COUNTRY AND MTS OF CO2 CAPTURED, 2014
(%) . 129
TECHNOLOGY: CHEMICAL STRIPPING . 130
TECHNOLOGY: CHEMICAL STRIPPING (CONTINUED) . 131
FIGURE 6 SCHEMATIC OF POWER GENERATION AND CO2
SEQUESTRATION  132
MAJOR POST-COMBUSTION CCS CHEMICAL STRIPPING
COMPONENTS  132
Flue Gas Supply/SO2 Polishing . 133
Carbon Dioxide Absorption . 133
Circulating Water System . 134
Water Wash Section  134
Rich/Lean Amine Heat Exchange System  135
Solvent Stripper . 135
Solvent Stripper Reclaimer . 136
Steam Condensate . 136
Corrosion Inhibitor System . 136
Gas Compression and Drying System  136
FIGURE 7 SCHEMATIC OF AN AMINE TREATMENT SYSTEM  137
PROCESS ECONOMICS . 137
TABLE 42 AMINE SCRUBBING COSTS COMPARED WITH
SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL, WITH AND
WITHOUT CAPTURE . 138
TABLE 42 (CONTINUED)  139
TABLE 43 AMINE CCS COMPONENT COST OF ELECTRICITY PER
KWH AND PERCENTAGE OF COST OF ELECTRICITY PER KWH . 139
TABLE 44 CAPITAL COSTS FOR A 720 MW COAL POWER PLANT, 6,000
MTS OF CO2 A DAY CCS RETROFIT, 2009  140
PROCESS COMPARISONS  140
TABLE 45 SUPERCRITICAL AMINE PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH
ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL AMINE PERFORMANCE, WITH AND
WITHOUT CAPTURE . 141
AMMONIA CCS TECHNOLOGY  141
PROCESS ECONOMICS . 142
TABLE 46 COST COMPARISON OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AND MEA
FOR PULVERIZED COAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL PLANTS . 142
TABLE 46 (CONTINUED)  143
PROCESS COMPARISON . 144
TABLE 47 COMPARISON OF MEA VS. ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
PERFORMANCE IN A PULVERIZED COAL PLANT VS. AN ULTRASUPERCITCAL
PLANT  145
TABLE 48 VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM AMMONIA POLLUTION
CONTROLS FOR NOX, SOX, AND GD (OPERATING AT 80% OF
CAPACITY)  146
TABLE 49 MEA VS. AMMONIA BTU REQUIREMENTS  146
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT  147
INDUSTRY DRIVERS . 147
TABLE 50 INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS. INHIBITORS  147
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED)  148
Shifts  148
Strategies . 148
PATENT FACTORS . 148
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH FOR POST-COMBUSTION . 148
CHEMICALS FOR POST-COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURING
PROCESS . 149
SORBENTS  149
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS:
POST-COMBUSTION  150
TABLE 51 WORLDWIDE NUMBER OF CHEMICAL-BASED CARBON
CAPTURE PLANT INSTALLATIONS BY COMPANY (NUMBER/%) . 151
TABLE 52 VALUE SOLVENTS FOR CCS, 2009 ($ BILLIONS) . 152
Trends in Ethanolamine Demand . 152
TABLE 53 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION OF
ETHANOLAMINE, THROUGH 2014 (MMTS AND $ BILLIONS)  153
TABLE 54 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE PRODUCTION
BY REGION, 2009 (%) . 154
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL ETHANOLAMINE MARKET SHARES BY COMPANY,
2009 (%)  155
TABLE 55 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE CAPACITY ESTIMATED BY
COMPANY, 2009 ($ MILLIONS)  156
Ethanolamine Production . 156
CHEMICAL SOLVENT/ORGANICS: AMINE BASED  157
Monoethanolamine  158
Monoethanolamine (Continued) . 159
Amine Guard 160
Amino-Di-Ethylene-Glycol (ADEG)  160
Activated Methyldiethanolamine (aDMEA) . 161
Amisol Mix . 161
Diisopropylamine . 161
Diethanolamine/SNPA-DEA . 162
Econamine FG Process  162
Econamine FG Process (Continued) . 163
Estasolvan Process  164
Flexsorb Technology  164
Fluor Solvent . 165
Glymine  165
Applications . 166
KS-1, KS-2, and KS-3  166
MDEA and Hybrid Solvents  166
Omnisulf . 167
Sterically Hindered Amines  168
PHYSICAL SOLVENTS  168
Alkazid . 168
Morphysorb  169
Optisol  170
Potassium Carbonate/Benfield  170
PuraTreat R and F . 171
Purisol  172
Rectisol . 172
Rectisol (Continued)  173
Selefining . 174
Selexol  174
Sepasolv MPE  175
Sulfinol . 175
Ucarsol . 176

CHAPTER SEVEN: MAJOR MARKETS FOR CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE (CCS) AND TECHNOLOGIES
ELECTRIC POWER: ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION . 177
TABLE 56 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY ANNUAL USE, 2004–2008
(BILLION KWHS)  178
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)  179
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)  180
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)  181
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)  182
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)  183
TABLE 57 WORLDWIDE APPLICATIONS OF CARBON
CAPTURE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES AND ELECTRIC
GROWTH PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2014  184
TABLE 58 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE POWER CAPACITY
WITH OR WITHOUT CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS BY
TYPE PROJECTED TO 2014 (MW MILLIONS)  185
TABLE 59 PROJECTED MW INCREASE IN CARBON CAPTURE
SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2014 (MW
IN MILLIONS) . 186
TABLE 60 CUMULATIVE WORLDWIDE UTILITY MARKET VALUE FOR
CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($
BILLIONS) . 187
FIGURE 9 WORLD ELECTRIC POWER MARKET SHARES BY REGION,
2009 (%)  188
MARKET TRENDS  188
Market Trends (Continued)  189
TABLE 61 WORLDWIDE POTENTIAL VALUES OF CCS
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRIC POWER, 2014
(MW/$MILLIONS) 190
COAL PRODUCTION . 191
TABLE 62 PROJECTED U.S. MARKET SHARES OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES
FOR COAL POWER, 2014 (1,012 W)  192
PROCESS ECONOMICS . 192
Process Economics (Continued)  193
REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT . 194
Regulatory Environment (Continued)  195
APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE
CAPTURE AND STORAGE . 196
FIGURE 10 PROJECTED APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CCS BY
INDUSTRY, 2014  197
FIGURE 11 COST PER MT OF CO2 FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES, 2008  198
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING . 199
TABLE 63 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE APPLICATION MARKETS FOR
POST-COMBUSTION SOLVENT SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($
BILLIONS) . 200
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)  201
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)  202
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)  203
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)  204
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)  205
TABLE 64 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE VALUE OF CO2 ANTICORROSION
FOR PIPELINE TRANSMISSION,
THROUGH 2014  206
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)  207
FIGURE 12 MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF 1.3 BCF/D CO2 FOR
EOR, 2009 (%) . 208
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)  209
HYDROGEN . 210
HYDROGEN (CONTINUED)  211
TABLE 65 GLOBAL HYDROGEN AND CO2 PRODUCTION FROM COAL
AND GAS, 2009 . 212
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY . 213
TABLE 66 PROJECTED WORLD OIL PRODUCTION FROM EOR AND
CO2 USE, THROUGH 2014 . 214
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (CONTINUED) . 215
LOWER-48 OFFSHORE  216
TABLE 67 NORTH AMERICAN CO2 EOR BOE/D, 2009  216
TABLE 68 U.S. RECOVERABLE BARRELS OF OIL USING CO2
INJECTION BY REGION, 2009 (BILLION BBLS/TCF) . 217
FIGURE 13 PROJECTED U.S. REGIONAL MARKETS FOR CO2 FOR EOR
BY RECOVERABLE BARRELS OF OIL, 2012 (%)  218
NATURAL CO2 RESERVOIRS  218
Natural CO2 Reservoirs (Continued) . 219
TABLE 69 U.S. CO2 RESERVES PROVEN AND PROBABLE, 2009  220
Bravo Dome  220
Doe Canyon  220
Jackson Dome  221
McElmo Dome  221
TRANSPORT OF CO2  221
Pipelines . 222
FIGURE 14 U.S. CO2 PIPELINES  222
Pipeline Legislation  222
TABLE 70 U.S. CO2 PIPELINE AND TRANSPORT COSTS, 2009 . 223
TABLE 71 SUMMARY OF MAJOR U.S. CO2 PIPELINES  224
TABLE 71 (CONTINUED)  225
Bravo Pipeline . 225
Centerline  225
Canyon Reef Carriers . 226
Central Basin Pipeline 226
Cortez Pipeline  226
Este Pipeline . 227
Pecos Pipeline . 227
Powder River Basin  227
Sheep Mountain Pipeline . 227
Slaughter Pipeline  228
Val Verde . 228
West Texas Pipeline and the Llano Lateral  228
Calgary Alberta CO2 Pipeline  229
TECHNOLOGY FOR CO2 PUMPED EOR . 229
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH FOR EOR  230
CO2 EOR MARKET POTENTIAL . 231
CRUDE OIL MARKET POTENTIAL  232
TABLE 72 CO2 DAILY DELIVERIES FOR EOR BY COMPANY, 2009
(MILLION CUBIC FEET)  233
FIGURE 15 CO2 DELIVERIES TO THE EOR MARKET BY MAJOR
COMPANY, 2009 (%) . 234
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT  234
MARKET COMPETITION  235
EOR HISTORY AND PROJECTIONS  235
TABLE 73 COST PER BARREL OF OIL USING CO2 EOR FLOODING,
2009 ($) . 236
EOR History and Projections (Continued) . 237
TABLE 74 PROJECTED NORTH AMERICAN OIL EQUIVALENTS A DAY
AND CO2 REQUIRED PER DAY, THROUGH 2014  238
TABLE 75 ONGOING CO2 FLOODING IN CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION
PROJECTS, 2009 . 239
TABLE 75 (CONTINUED)  240
TABLE 76 REST OF WORLD EOR PROJECTS: OPERATING AND UNDER
CONSIDERATION, 2009 . 241
TABLE 76 (CONTINUED)  242
CO2 MERCHANT MARKET  243
TABLE 77 WORLWIDE PROJECTED CO2 PRODUCTION, THROUGH
2014 (MMT)  244
TABLE 78 CO2 STATISTICS BY MAJOR COMPANY . 245
TABLE 79 NORTH AMERICAN CO2 MERCHANT SALES, 2009  246
CO2 Merchant Market (Continued) . 247
TABLE 80 PROJECTED U.S. CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION FROM
ETHANOL SYNTHESIS, THROUGH 2014 (MMT) . 248
TABLE 81 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 CONSUMPTION
BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 (MMT) . 249
Ethanol and CO2 Coproduction . 250
CO2 MARKETS  251
TABLE 82 PROJECTED U.S. ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND CO2
COPRODUCT, THROUGH 2014 . 251
Merchant CO2  252
TABLE 83 APPLICATIONS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE . 252
TABLE 83 (CONTINUED)  253
FIGURE 16 WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 MARKET SHARES BY
APPLICATION TYPE, 2009 (%)  254
Merchant CO2 (Continued) . 255
Merchant CO2 (Continued) . 256
TABLE 84 WORLDWIDE APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CO2 CLEANING
BY REGION (NO./$)  257
Dry Cleaning and Industrial Cleaning . 258
Dry Cleaning and … (Continued) . 259
Electronics Industry  260
Food  260
Synthesis and Chemicals  261
Inerting  261
Other Uses . 262
Pharmaceutical  262
Refrigeration  262
TABLE 85 REFRIGERATION USES OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 2009  263
Water Treatment . 263
Welding  264
CARBON CAPTURE MARKET . 264
CARBON CAPTURE MARKET (CONTINUED)  265
CARBON CAPTURE MARKET (CONTINUED)  266
TABLE 86 GLOBAL APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CCS, THROUGH
2014 ($ BILLIONS)  267
TABLE 87 GLOBAL CO2 CONSUMPTION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH
2014 ($ BILLIONS)  268
TABLE 88 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMED BY OIL,
CHEMICAL, MERCHANT, AND CARBON MARKETS, THROUGH 2014
(MMT) . 268
FIGURE 17 WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES BY MAJOR APPLICATION
BY CO2 CONSUMED, 2009 (MMT of CO2)  269
TABLE 89 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMED BY OIL,
CHEMICAL, AND MERCHANT MARKETS, THROUGH 2014 ($
BILLIONS) . 270
APPENDIX  271
PRE-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES  271
PRE-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED) . 272
PRE-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED) . 273
PRE-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED) . 274
PRE-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED) . 275
OXY-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES  276
POST-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES  277
POST-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED)  278
POST-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED)  279
POST-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED)  280
POST-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED)  281
POST-COMBUSTION COMPANY WEBSITES (CONTINUED)  282