This past year has seen the CSP industry move forward with its first wave of global project construction after years of early-stage ambition. Scaling activity in the southwestern U.S. along with multiple project commissions in Spain have afforded CSP players the opportunity to push beyond the industry’s two pillar markets and toward global development, which in turn has attracted a series of investments from large-scale energy conglomerates and financiers.

Still, as industry optimism grows, CSP players are increasingly facing challenges from other renewable energies, and more specifically from PV counterparts, who have leveraged PV’s declining costs and adaptability to create a 14 GW global market. While CSP will have trouble competing directly with PV on a cost per kWh basis, CSP may be able to differentiate itself with its ability to provide more stable, dispatch-able power by integrating thermal storage.

This report is a detailed study of the current CSP market, with a project-by-project analysis that presents the strengths and weaknesses of CSP’s four major technologies: parabolic trough, power tower, dish-engine, and linear Fresnel reflector. In addition, the report offers cost (per watt and per kWh), and market share for each CSP technology, and includes over 80 profiles of the industry’s leading technology and development companies.

Value-Added Elements

• Global demand forecasts by technology through 2020
• LCOE forecasts by technology through 2020
• Analysis of technology characteristics (land usage, water usage, capacity factor) affecting LCOE
• In-depth profiles of leading technology, development and supply players globally
• CSP project tracker, with full details on PPA, regulatory status and costs by project

Questions for Competitive Decision-making

• How will competing renewable energy technologies affect CSP's growth through 2020?
• Which CSP technology will see greatest LCOE declines through 2020?
• Beyond the U.S. and Spain, which will be the next markets to attract the CSP industry?
• Which developers and which manufacturers will lead in global market share?

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Technology 10
1.2 Cost 10
1.3 Market 14
1.4 Conclusion 15

2 CSP TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
2.1 CSP System Components 20
2.2 Overview of CSP Systems 25
2.3 Trough and LFR 28
2.4 Tower 34
2.5 Dish Engine 41

3 MARKET FOR CSP
3.1 Total Addressable Market 46
3.2 Large, Medium and Small Installations 50
3.3 Residential, Commercial and Utility Markets 51
3.4 Distributed vs. Central Generation Markets 54
3.5 Geographical Markets 56
3.5.1 U.S. 61
3.5.2 Spain 71
3.5.3 China 73
3.5.3.1 Market growth 74
3.5.3.2 Industry development 77
3.5.4 Rest of World including Middle East & North Africa (Desertec)

4 CSP INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
4.1 Current and Planned Capacity 84
4.2 CSP Industry Value Chain 85
4.3 Geographical Distribution of the CSP Industry 89
4.4 Trough/LFR Value Chain 92

5 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND PROJECTIONS
5.1 Capital Equipment Cost 94
5.2 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) 100
5.2.1 Drivers of LCOE 112
5.2.1.1 On-line date 112
5.2.1.2 Solar-to-Electricity Efficiency 114
5.2.1.3 Land required 116
5.2.1.4 Capacity Factor 117
5.2.1.5 Water use 118
5.3 The Adoption of CSP Technology 119
5.4 Other Benefi ts and Risks 128
5.5 Future Outlook 129

6 APPENDIX
6.1 Concentrator Technologies 132
6.2 Tracking Systems 136
6.3 Energy Storage Technologies 137
6.4 Power Conversion Technologies 143
6.5 Complete list of Announced CSP Installations 144
6.5.1 Complete list of CSP Installations in Operation 144
6.5.2 Complete List of CSP Installations Under Construction 147
6.5.3 Complete List of CSP Installations Under Development 148
6.5.4 Complete List of CSP Projects With Detailed Economics and
Technical Specs 153
6.5.5 Companies Participating in the CSP Supply Chain 186
6.5.6 Project Developers 193
6.5.7 System Manufacturers 196
6.5.8 Receiver Manufacturers 198
6.5.9 Refl ector Manufacturers 200
6.5.10 Tracker Drive Manufacturers 202
6.5.11 Heat Transfer Fluid Suppliers 203
6.5.12 Power Block Suppliers 204
6.5.13 EPC Firms 205
6.5.14 O&M Firms 207
6.5.15 Project Owners / Equity Providers 208
6.5.16 Electricity Purchasers

7 COMPANY PROFILES
7.1 Parabolic Trough System Suppliers 215
7.2 Power Tower Suppliers 239
7.3 Dish Suppliers 246
7.4 Linear Fresnel Refl ector Developers 247
7.5 Linear Fresnel Refl ector Develo 251
7.6 Component Suppliers 256
7.7 Chinese CSP Profi les 260

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Markets and applications for solar power
Figure 1-2: LCOE by Technology
Figure 1-3: Capital Cost per Watt by Solar Technology, 2010-2020
Figure 1-4: LCOE Trends Over Time by Technology
Figure 1-5: Global CSP Project Pipeline by Technology
Figure 1-6: Solar Technology Penetration Based on Location and Market Segment Figure 1-7: Global Electricity Generation Capacity by Type, 2008
Figure 1-8: Global CSP Demand Forecast, 2010-2020
Figure 1-9: Cumulative Global CSP Demand Forecast, 2010-2020
Figure 1-10: Projected Share by Source of Global Energy Production
Figure 2-1: Concentrating Solar Power System Components
Figure 2-2: Concentrator Technology
Figure 2-3: Daily Output E ect of Tracking Solar Output
Figure 2-6: Effect of Tracking and Concentration on Solar Resource Available to PV and CSP

Figure 2-9: Production Profi le of a CSP Installation With 6 hours of Thermal Energy Storage
Figure 2-10: Land Use of Solar Technologies
Figure 2-11: Oil-Indirect Steam Generation Trough Plant Schematic
Figure 2-12: Direct Steam Generation LFR Plant Schematic
Figure 2-13: Organic Rankine Cycle Trough Installation Schematic
Figure 2-14: Central Tower Confi guration
Figure 2-15: Rendering of Decentralized Towers
Figure 2-16: Direct Steam Generation Tower Schematic
Figure 2-17: Indirect Steam Generation Plant Schematic
Figure 2-18: Volumetric Solar Receiver for Compressed Air Gas Turbine Towers
Figure 2-19: Diagram of Dish-Stirling System
Figure 2-20: Dish-Brayton System
Figure 3-1: Markets and Applications for Solar Power
Figure 3-2: Projected Share by Source of Annual Global Energy Production
Figure 3-3: Availability of Renewable Energy Resources
Figure 3-4: Global Electricity Generation by Type (GW), 2008
Figure 3-5: Global Electricity Generation by Type (in kWh)
Figure 3-6: Technology Mix in Small, Medium and Large Installations
Figure 3-7: Typical Electricity Load Profi le in California and Type of Power Plant Required
Figure 3-8: The Effect of Load Shifting and Peak Shaving on Electricity Demand
Figure 3-9: U.S. Electricity Market
Figure 3-10: Solar Radiation Varies With Latitude and Location
Figure 3-11: World Insolation Map and Most Favorable Areas for CSP
Figure 3-12: Geographical Demand for Renewable Energy in the U.S.
Figure 3-13: Renewable Energy Generation Capacity Required by 2020 for Top 6 States
Figure 3-14: Optimal Technology Selection by Location
Figure 3-15: U.S. CSP Annual Installed Capacity, 1982-2010
Figure 3-16: U.S. CSP Projects by Stage
Figure 3-17: Map of CSP Projects in the U.S. Southwest
Figure 3-18: U.S. CSP Demand Forecast, 2009-2015
Figure 3-19: U.S. CSP Demand Forecast by State, 2010-2015
Figure 3-20: Spain: CSP Projects by Stage
Figure 3-21: China – CSP Projects by Stage
Figure 3-22: Rest of World – CSP Projects by Stage
Figure 3-23: Map Illustrating the Desertec Vision
Figure 4-1: CSP Capacity by Technology for Operational Plants, Plants Under Construction, and Plants Under Development
Figure 4-2: CSP Installations – Pipeline by Technology, 2010-2015+
Figure 4-3: Global CSP Ecosystem
Figure 4-4: Manufacturers Developing CSP Projects
Figure 4-5: CSP Projects Installed or Under Construction/Development by Country
Figure 4-6: CSP Companies by Location
Figure 4-7: Trough and LFR Industry Value Chain and Signifi cant Participants
Figure 5-1: Comparison of Capital Equipment Cost vs. Solar Plant Size
Figure 5-2: CSP Plant Cost for a 100MW Trough Plant With Storage
Figure 5-3: Capital Cost ($/W) by Solar Technology With Ranges Shown for High and Low-Cost Projects
Figure 5-4: Capital Cost per Watt-ac by Technology, 2010-2020
Figure 5-5: LCOE by Technology, 2010-2020
Figure 5-6: LCOE for All CSP Projects
Figure 5-7: Solar-to-Electricity Efficiency by Technology
Figure 5-8: Solar-to-Electricity Efficiency Ranges by Technology
Figure 5-9: Relationship Between Efficiency and LCOE
Figure 5-10: Land Area Required per MW by Technology
Figure 5-11: Relationship Between Land Usage and LCOE
Figure 5-12: Capacity Factor by Technology
Figure 5-13: Relationship Between Capacity Factor and LCOE
Figure 5-14: Water Required per MW by Technology
Figure 5-15: Relationship Between Water Required and LCOE
Figure 5-16: Load Shifting and Peak Shaving Achieved by Large-Scale Solar Installation
Figure 5-17: Wholesale Electricity Prices and CSP Production Profi les
Figure 5-18: Load Shifting and Peak Shaving of a CSP Installation With 3.5 Hours of Storage
Figure 5-19: Projected Growth of Solar Installations
Figure 5-20: Global CSP Demand Forecast, 2010-2020
Figure 5-21: Cumulative Global CSP Demand Forecast, 2010-2020
Figure 5-22: Solar Technology Penetration Based on Location and Market Segments
Figure 6-1: Parabolic Trough Concentrator
Figure 6-2: Compact Linear Fresnel Refl ector System
Figure 6-3: Parabolic Dish Concentrator
Figure 6-4: Heliostat Solar Field
Figure 6-5: 2-Tank Indirect Thermal Energy Storage in Andasol-1
Figure 6-6: 2-Tank Direct Thermal Energy Storage
Figure 6-7: 1-Tank Thermocline Thermal Energy Storage
Figure 6-8: 1-Tank Steam Accumulator Thermal Energy Storage
Figure 6-9: Market Share for the Top CSP Developers
Figure 6-10: Market Share for the Top CSP System Manufacturers
Figure 6-11: Market Share for the Top CSP Receiver Manufacturers
Figure 6-12: Market Share for the Top CSP Refl ector Manufacturers
Figure 6-13: Market Share for the Top CSP Tracker Drive Manufacturers
Figure 6-14: Market Share for the Top CSP Heat Transfer Fluid Suppliers
Figure 6-15: Market Share for the Top CSP Power Block Suppliers
Figure 6-16: Market Share for the Top CSP EPC Firms
Figure 6-17: Market Share for the Top CSP O&M Firms
Figure 6-18: Market Share for the Top CSP Project Owners
Figure 6-19: Market Share for the Top CSP Electricity Purchasers

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1: Complete CSP systems
Table 2-1: Complete CSP Systems
Table 2-2: Technical Characteristics of CSP Systems A ecting LCOE
Table 2-3: Market Considerations of CSP Technologies
Table 2-4: Trough and LFR Plant Technology Comparison
Table 2-5: Trough and LFR Commercialization Summary
Table 2-6: Tower Confi guration Comparison
Table 2-7: Tower Technology Comparison
Table 2-8: Power Tower Technology Summary
Table 2-9: Dish Engine Technology Comparison
Table 2-10: Dish Engine Commercialization Summary
Table 3-1: U.S. CSP Projects Milestone Tracker
Table 3-2: Completed CSP projects in China
Table 3-3: CSP Projects Under Construction in China
Table 3-4: Planned CSP projects in China
Table 3-5: Options for Meeting Europe’s 20% Renewable Energy Goals by 2020
Table 3-6: Hurdles and Potential Solutions for Desertec
Table 3-7: Calculation of Additional Cost Incurred if CSP Plants Were Built in Europe Instead of MENA
Table 4-1: CSP System Manufacturers That Also Act as Developers
Table 4-2: Solar Field System Manufacturers That Partner With Pure-Play Developers
Table 5-1: Inputs for LCOE Calculations
Table 5-2: LCOE for CSP Installations That Provide Cost Data
Table 5-3: Capital Cost/W-ac by Solar Technology, 2010-2020
Table 5-4: LCOE by Solar Technology, 2010-2020
Table 5-5: RTP Weighted Average Wholesale Prices of Electricity Produced by CSP Installations With Varying Amounts of Storage
Table 5-6: Characteristics of CSP Installations and Competing Power Plants
Table 5-7: CSP’s Progress Toward Economic Viability
Table 5-8: Hierarchy of Adoption of CSP Technologies
Table 6-1: Technical Specifi cations by CSP Technology
Table 6-2: CSP Plants Currently in Operation (Ranked by Size)
Table 6-3: CSP Plants Currently Under Construction (Ranked by Capacity)
Table 6-4: CSP Plants Under Development (Ranked by Capacity)
Table 6-5: Complete List of All 170+ CSP Projects Worldwide, Including All Relevant Metrics on Cost, Technology, Location, Suppliers, Owners, and Stage of Development
Table 6-6: All Companies Participating in the CSP Supply Chain (Part I)
Table 6-7: All Companies Participating in the CSP Supply Chain (Part II)
Table 6-8: All Companies Participating in the CSP Supply Chain (Part III)
Table 6-9: Top CSP Project Developers, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-10: Top CSP System Manufacturers, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-11: Top CSP Receiver Manufacturers, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-12: Top CSP Refl ector Manufacturers, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-13: Top CSP Tracker Drive Manufacturers, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-14: Top CSP Heat Transfer Fluid Suppliers, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-15: Top CSP Power Block Suppliers, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-16: Top CSP EPC Firm, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-17: Top CSP O&M Firms, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-18: Top CSP Project Owners, Ranked by Market Share
Table 6-19: Top CSP Electricity Purchasers, Ranked by Market Share