Electric vehicles have been a commercial reality for more than 100 years. This report author’s grandfather owned a thriving business that provided Exide lead–acid battery packs to 1920s EV users. Shortly thereafter, inexpensive gasoline and an ever–increasing desire for performance ended widespread EV use. Oil shortages and an increased concern for the environment began to revive the industry in the 1970s, but wide adoption of various types of EVs always seemed just beyond the horizon––as soon as gasoline cost more than $1 a gallon, or $2, or $4; or as soon as batteries improved to the point at which they could power a car for 40 miles; or as soon as batteries could be recharged in less than 6 hours.
 
All these technological and market forces were resolved or exceeded, and during the first 5 years of the 21st century, the EV market began a slow, steady period of growth. The second 5 years saw widespread use of HEVs, the commercial production of pure battery–powered EVs in many niche markets, wide adoption of battery–powered scooters, and commercial–scale demonstrations of fuel cell vehicles.
 
Soon it was determined that HEVs could be turned into “plug–ins” that could be recharged by both the vehicle’s internal combustion engine as well as a battery charger plugged into utility electric power. Of course, the original approach to the plug–in was a “pure” EV that had no internal combustion engine at all, just a motor and battery bank. But this new approach resulted in an entirely new class of vehicle –– the “plug–in hybrid electric vehicle” or PHEV that had many of the advantages of both battery power and internal combustion power.
 
In addition to pure EV automobiles, there are also growing niche markets for trucks, buses, smaller electric scooters or “Segway”–type vehicles. A whole new market for “low velocity” or “neighborhood electric vehicles” has developed, which includes General Motors’ (GM) Electric Networked–Vehicle (EN–V).
 
HEVs, PHEVs, and pure EVs can all be powered by electrochemical batteries and fuel cells, as well as potentially by capacitors and flywheels. Plug–in EVs can “charge up,” using electrical power generated during nighttime off–peak periods. In the early 1990s, this approach (known as “peak shifting” or “load leveling”) was seen as the optimal solution to electric utilities’ load–leveling dilemma. Since then, automakers have been reluctant to manufacture and market nonhybrid EVs. By the late 1990s, partially because of the introduction of advanced chargers, consumers began to switch to “quick–charge” approaches. Starting in California, and now throughout the U.S., Japan, and Europe, networks of conveniently located charging stations have been implemented.
 

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
 
As longtime editor of “Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Progress” and before that “Battery and Electric Vehicle News,” this report’s author has a unique perspective on the industry. The global market for electric vehicles has experienced more promise in the last 18 months than in the last 18 years. Multiple major automakers are poised to roll out dozens of HEV models –– if highly publicized hybrid safety recalls do not shake the public’s confidence (and if the automakers themselves survive economic hardship and even bankruptcy). The U.S. government is pouring many billions of dollars of loans, subsidies, and outright grants into the battery–powered electric vehicle market –– and at the same time there has been a brutal confrontation between the Congress and the President’s administration over continued fuel cell vehicle funding. Wide adoption of millions of advanced lithium–ion batteries could lead to a global shortage of lithium metal –– at the same time there could be severe overcapacity for the batteries and a lithium battery glut. The Far East could leapfrog conventional automobile options and deploy millions of electric vehicles within a few decades –– but the largest deployment of electric vehicles ever was recently thrown into doubt when the People’s Republic of China outlawed most of the wildly popular battery–powered scooters. Advanced batteries can finally deliver the power and recharge time seen as necessary for wide acceptance as an EV power source –– if safety issues can be addressed (and if the prices come down).
 
With these types of opposing trends and developments in play, it is more important than ever to have access to an informed analysis of the industry’s status, scenarios, and, ultimately, realistic assessment of the industry’s fortunes.
 
This report will provide this analysis, starting with a summary of the technology involved, then detailed profiles of major power source and vehicle makers, and finally with well–defined consensus, optimistic, and pessimistic market scenarios for units sold, value of these units, and prices.
 

INTENDED AUDIENCE
 
This report is intended to provide a unique analysis of the broadly defined global electric vehicle market and will be of interest to all types of automakers, manufacturers of batteries, battery chargers, and fuel cells. It also will be valuable to current and existing electrical vehicle users and competitors.  This report also can provide valuable information in terms of assessing investment in particular technologies and, therefore, should benefit investors directly or indirectly. Automakers and power source suppliers also may find market trends of interest in view of establishing growth strategies. 
 
SCOPE OF REPORT
 
After decades of expensive development and false starts, the world is finally ready for electric vehicles. As defined by this report, “electric vehicles” includes commercial approaches such as pure battery–powered vehicles, plug–in hybrids, hybrid internal combustion/battery, range extending, and fuel cell vehicles as well as vehicles powered by developmental power sources such as supercapacitors and flywheel–powered. In addition to cars and trucks, this report considers motorcycles, scooters, buses, neighborhood electric vehicles, and locomotives.
 
This report details the actuals for 2005 and 2009 and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) projections for 2010 through 2015 for the North American, European, Far Eastern, and Rest–of–World markets. Selected 2005 actuals will help as a basis for today’s markets and tomorrow’s projections. Vehicle sales and values are provided under consensus, optimistic, and pessimistic scenarios. A patent analysis and discussion for power sources and vehicle components describes where research is performed and emphasizes intellectual property issues.
 
This report is organized into the following two sectors and their associated subsectors:
 
Markets by power source:
Batteries (HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs)
Fuel cells
Exotic
Of course, these power sources can be combined into various vehicle configurations:
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug–in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Markets by vehicle type:
Passenger vehicles
Low velocity
Scooters
Buses
Commercial /industrial
Niche
These market sectors are defined, leading companies are identified, and the markets analyzed (including a 5–year market forecast). Finally, status and recent events for both power source and vehicle maker companies are provided in the Company Profiles section.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 
    STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
    REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 
    INTENDED AUDIENCE 
    SCOPE OF REPORT 
    METHODOLOGY
    INFORMATION SOURCES
    ANALYST CREDENTIALS 
    DISCLAIMER

CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY 
  SUMMARY FIGURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE SHIPMENTS AND VALUE
    BY CONFIGURATION 2005-2015 (CONSENSUS SCENARIO) ($
    MILLIONS)  9

CHAPTER THREE: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 
    INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: OVERVIEW
         OVERVIEW: TYPES OF POWER SOURCES  11
              Internal Combustion Power Sources  11
              Battery Power Sources  11
              Fuel Cell Power Sources  13
              Exotic Power Sources  14
              Hybrid Power Sources . 14
         OVERVIEW: VEHICLE TYPES  16
    INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: MARKET TRENDS . 18
         HISTORIC TRENDS  18
         GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT  19
              Pollution Abatement 19
              Electric Utility Efficiency  22
              Promotion of Domestic Energy Sources  23
              Maintaining Technological Competitiveness . 23
         GOVERNMENT BATTERY AND EV SUBSIDIES  24
              U.S. Federal EV Subsidies and Loans  24
              U.S. State EV Subsidies and Loans  33
         Canadian EV Subsidies and Loans . 39
         U.S. Federal Fuel Cell Vehicle Funding . 41
         U.S. Fuel Cell Council Analysis of Funding Priorities  47
         U.S. EV and Fuel Cell Infrastructure Subsidies  49
         U.S. EV Tax Scenarios  54
         Fuel Efficiency Standards . 58
         Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology Plan 863 60
    BATTERY SAFETY ISSUES . 60
         Lithium­ion Battery Stability Issues . 60
         Fullerene Toxicity Issues  62
    MARKET DRIVERS. 64
    BASIS FOR FORECAST SCENARIOS . 67
         Vehicle by Configuration . 67
         Vehicle by Type  68
         Vehicle by Power Sources  68
    PRICING TRENDS  79
         Pricing Survey . 79
         Pricing Issues and Models . 81
               HEV Pricing Model . 81
               PHEV Pricing and Conversion Model  83
               EV Pricing Model  85
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: MARKET ORGANIZATION . 86
    LEADING VEHICLE MAKERS  86
    LEADING VEHICLE MAKERS  87
         Leading HEV Makers  91
         Leading EV and PHEV Makers  92
         Leading Scooter and Motorcycle Makers  94
                  Leading Low Velocity Vehicle Makers  95
                  Leading Electric Bus, Truck, and Locomotive Makers  96
             LEADING POWER SOURCE MAKERS AND RANK . 98
                  Leading Lead­Acid Power Source Makers . 102
                  Leading Nickel Metal Hydride Power Source Makers . 102
                  Leading Lithium­Ion Power Source Makers 102
                  Leading Exotic Energy Storage Power Source Makers 103
                  Leading Fuel Cell Power Source Makers . 104
       INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: PATENT TENSION  104
             PAICE HYPERDRIVE POWERTRAIN AND TOYOTA . 105
             SOLOMON TECHNOLOGIES AND TOYOTA  111
                        Solomon Technologies . (Continued)  112
             UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, HYDRO QUEBEC, AND NTT, AND
               OTHERS  113
             3M, SONY, AND LENOVO  114
       INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: GLOBALIZATION  115
             GLOBAL MARKET FORCES  115
             GLOBAL CORPORATE STRUCTURE . 116
             VEHICLE AND POWER SOURCE MARKET BY REGION . 126
                  Vehicle Market by Region . 126
   FIGURE 1 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY REGION, 2010 VERSUS
      2015, BY SHIPMENTS (%)  127
   FIGURE 1 (CONTINUED) . 128
                  Power Source Market by Region . 128
   FIGURE 2 TOTAL GLOBAL EV POWER SOURCE MARKET BY
      REGION, 2010 VERSUS 2015, BY SHIPMENTS (%) . 130

CHAPTER FOUR: POWER SOURCES 
    POWER SOURCE ROLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . 131
    BATTERIES  132
         BATTERIES (CONTINUED) . 133
         LEAD­ACID BATTERIES . 134
              State of the Art and Recent Developments  135
                        Firefly Energy Composite Foam. 136
                                   Firefly Energy . (Continued). 137
                        Axion Power Lead Carbon (PbC)  138
              Lead­acid Battery Companies  139
              Lead­Acid Battery Market Summary  139
         NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES . 140
              Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries (Continued) . 141
              State of the Art and Recent Developments  142
              Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Companies . 142
                Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Market Summary  143
           LITHIUM­ION AND LITHIUM­POLYMER BATTERIES. 144
                Lithium­Ion Compared with Lithium­Ion Polymer  145
                Lithium­Ion as Smart Batteries . 146
                        Lithium­Ion as Smart Batteries (Continued) . 147
                        Lithium­Ion as Smart Batteries (Continued) . 148
                State of the Art and Recent Developments  149
                Lithium­ion Battery Companies  150
                Lithium­ion Battery Market Summary . 151
           DEVELOPMENTAL EV BATTERIES  152
                Developmental Battery Companies  155
           FUEL CELLS . 155
                State of the Art and Recent Developments  156
                        Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells  156
                        Alkaline Fuel Cells . 156
                        Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. 157
                Fuel Cell Companies 157
                Fuel Cell Market Summary  157
      EXOTIC ENERGY STORAGE . 159
           CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE  159
                State of the Art and Recent Developments  159
                Capacitive Energy Storage Companies  162
           FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE 163
                Flywheel Energy Storage (Continued) 164
                Flywheel Energy Storage Companies . 165
           CAPACITIVE AND FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE
              MARKET SUMMARY  165
      POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY . 166
           POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY BY POWER SOURCE
              TYPE . 166
   FIGURE 3 TOTAL GLOBAL EV POWER SOURCE MARKET BY POWER
      SOURCE TYPE, 2005-2015, BY SHIPMENTS ($ MILLIONS)  167
           POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY BY VEHICLE TYPE . 168
   FIGURE 4 TOTAL GLOBAL EV POWER SOURCE MARKET, BY
      VEHICLE TYPE, 2005-2015, BY SHIPMENTS ($ MILLION) 175
           POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY BY REGION  175

CHAPTER FIVE: COMPANY PROFILES: POWER SOURCE MAKERS
    A123SYSTEMS . 183
    AC DELCO  189
    ACME ELECTRIC CORP.  190
ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (ABAT) . 190
      ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES. (CONTINUED)  191
ALL POWER BATTERY . 192
AROTECH CORP 192
ATLANTIC BATTERY CO.  193
AVESTOR (HYDRO­QUÉBEC AND KERR MCGEE) . 193
      AVESTOR (HYDRO­QUÉBEC . (CONTINUED) . 194
AXEON  195
AXION POWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. 196
      AXION POWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. (CONTINUED)  197
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS  198
BATTERY BUILDERS, INC. (BBI) . 199
BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC. . 200
B.B. BATTERY  200
BELL CITY BATTERIES . 200
BOLDER TECHNOLOGIES (GP BATTERIES INTERNATIONAL). 200
BOLLORE GROUP . 201
      BOLLORE GROUP /CONTINUED)  202
ROBERT BOSCH GMBH (SB LIMOTIVE CO. LTD) . 203
      ROBERT BOSCH GMBH .(CONTINUED)  204
BOSTON­POWER  205
BYD BATTERIES . 206
CHINA BAK BATTERY, INC. . 207
      CHINA BAK BATTERY, INC. (CONTINUED)  208
DALIAN XINYANG HIGH­TECH DEVELOPMENT CO. (CHINA
   SUN) . 209
COBASYS (SB LIMOTIVE CO. LTD.) . 210
      COBASYS (SB LIMOTIVE CO. LTD.) (CONTINUED)  211
CONTINENTAL CORPORATION . 212
CROWN BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO.  212
CSB BATTERY OF AMERICA CORP.  213
DANA CANADA CORP. . 213
DOUGLAS BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO.  213
DOW KOKAM . 214
DYNACELL CORP.  215
DYNO BATTERY, INC.  215
EAGLEPICHER CORP. (OM CORP.) . 215
EAST PENN MANUFACTURING CO. (DEKA BATTERIES) . 216
EIC LABORATORIES  217
ELECTROVAYA (ELECTROFUEL)  217
ENER1, INC. (ENERDEL) . 219
ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES (ECD OVONICS)  223
ENERIZE CORP. (FIFE BATTERIES) . 227
ENERSYS, INC.  228
     ENERSYS, INC. (CONTINUED)  229
E­ONE MOLI ENERGY . 230
ERGENICS  231
EVERCEL, INC. 232
EVEREXCEED INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. . 233
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG . 233
EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES (INCLUDES GNB, GOULD NATIONAL
   BATTERIES) . 234
FARASIS ENERGY  235
FIAMM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. . 236
FIREFLY ENERGY  237
FLUIDIC ENERGY  238
FURUKAWA BATTERY CO. . 238
FZ SONICK S.A. . 239
GENERAL MOTORS  239
GOLDEN ENERGY FUEL CELL CO., LTD.  241
GP BATTERIES (GOLD PEAK INTERNATIONAL) 242
HITACHI MAXELL CORP.  242
HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC. . 243
HORIZON FUEL CELLS AND RIVERSIMPLE . 243
HYB BATTERY CO., LTD. (HUA­YUE­BAO BATTERY). 245
HUANYU BATTERY  246
HYDROGENICS CORP. . 246
HYMOTION (A123SYSTEMS) . 247
IDATECH, LLC . 248
IMARA CORP 248
INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC. (INDI) . 248
INNERGY POWER CORP. (PORTABLE ENERGY PRODUCTS) . 249
INTERNATIONAL BATTERY . 249
IOXUS . 250
JOHNSON CONTROLS (JOHNSON CONTROLS­SAFT ADVANCED
   POWER SOLUTIONS)  251
K2 ENERGY SOLUTIONS. 255
KOKAM AMERICA, INC.  256
LG CHEMICAL . 256
LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC) . 257
MES­DEA SA . 261
MITSUBISHI INTERNATIONAL (MITSUBISHI HEAVY
   INDUSTRIES) . 261
     MITSUBISHI INTERNATIONAL .(CONTINUED) . 262
NAMIL BATTERY  263
NANOEXA. 263
NEAH POWER 264
NEC CORP. (E­ONE MOLI ENERGY)  265
NISSAN MOTOR CO. . 266
     NISSAN MOTOR CO. (CONTINUED) . 267
NUVERA FUEL CELLS . 268
ODYNE CORP. 268
PALCAN FUEL CELLS LTD.  268
PANASONIC (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO.)  269
PLUG POWER  270
     PLUG POWER (CONTINUED) . 271
POLYPLUS BATTERY COMPANY . 272
POWER BATTERY CO.  273
POWERGENIX . 273
     POWERGENIX (CONTINUED)  274
POWERZINC ELECTRIC, INC.  275
QUALLION LLC . 275
REACO BATTERY SERVICE CORP.  276
RICARDO, INC.  276
ROLLS­ROYCE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS LTD.  277
SAFT (JOHNSON CONTROLS­SAFT ADVANCED POWER
   SOLUTIONS) . 278
     SAFT (CONTINUED)  279
SAMSUNG  280
SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.  281
SMART FUEL CELL AG (SFC) . 282
     SMART FUEL CELL AG (SFC) (CONTINUED)  283
SION POWER . 284
SHANGHAI SHENLI HIGH TECH CO., LTD. . 285
SONY CORP. . 286
STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC.  287
SUPERIOR BATTERY MANUFACTURING  287
        SUPERLATICE POWER  288
        SWIFT INDUSTRIAL POWER  288
        TIAX  288
        TOSHIBA  289
              TOSHIBA (CONTINUED)  290
        TNR TECHNICAL, INC.  291
        TROJAN BATTERY CO.  291
        U.S. BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO. . 292
        UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP. (UTC)  292
        VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC. 293
        YARDNEY (LITHION, ENER­TEK) . 297
        YUASA, INC. (GS YUASA CORP., YUASA BATTERY AMERICA,
           INC., . 298
        YUASA­EXIDE) . 298
              YUASA, INC. /CONTINUED) . 299
        ZBB ENERGY CORP. . 300
        ZTEK CORPORATION . 301

CHAPTER SIX: VEHICLES 
    VEHICLE MARKETS BY TYPE  303
         PASSENGER VEHICLES . 303
               Passenger Vehicle Companies. 304
               Passenger Vehicle Market Summary . 307
         LOW VELOCITY VEHICLES . 315
               Low Velocity Vehicle Companies  315
               Low Velocity Vehicle Market Summary . 317
         SCOOTERS  323
               Scooter Companies  323
               Scooter Market Summary . 324
         BUSES  330
               Bus Companies  331
               Bus Market Summary . 331
         COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL  339
               Commercial/Industrial Companies . 340
               Commercial/Industrial Market Summary  341
         NICHE  347
               Niche Vehicle Companies  348
               Niche Vehicle Market Summary . 348
       VEHICLE MARKETS BY POWER SOURCE . 357
             BATTERY POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY  357
             FUEL CELL POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY  363
             EXOTIC POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY . 368
       VEHICLE MARKETS BY CONFIGURATION . 373
             HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONFIGURATION MARKET
               SUMMARY  373
             PLUG­IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONFIGRATION
               MARKET SUMMARY  378
             PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONFIGURATION MARKET
               SUMMARY  383
             VEHICLE MARKET SUMMARY  388
                  Vehicle Market Summary by Type . 389
   FIGURE 5 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2005-
      2015: CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($ MILLIONS) . 390
                  Vehicle Market Summary by Power Source . 392
   FIGURE 6 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY POWER SOURCE 2005-
      2015: CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($ MILLIONS) . 393
                  Vehicle Market Summary by Configuration  395
   FIGURE 7 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY VEHICLE
      CONFIGURATION, THROUGH 2015: CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($
      MILLIONS)  396

CHAPTER SEVEN: COMPANY PROFILES: VEHICLE MAKERS 
    AC PROPULSION  399
    AFS TRINITY . 400
    AIXAM PRODUCTION  401
    AMERICAN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CO. . 401
    APTERA MOTORS . 402
    AZURE DYNAMICS CORP. (SOLECTRIA) . 403
    BAE SYSTEMS . 405
    BENTLEY MOTORS INC. . 406
    BLUE SKY DESIGN . 407
    BMW (ROLLS­ROYCE, MINI)  407
    BNSF RAILWAY . 408
    BOLLORÉ AND PININFARINA . 408
    BOMBARDIER RECREATIONAL. 410
    BREDAMENARINIBUS . 410
    BRIGHT AUTOMOTIVE  410
    BYD . 411
    CASTROSUA  412
    CHINA FAW GROUP CORP. . 412
    CHINA MOTOR CORP.  413
CHRYSLER (DODGE, GLOBAL ELECTRIC MOTOR CARS, FIAT)  413
CLUB CAR (INGERSOLL RAND) . 418
COLUMBIA PAR CAR . 418
COMMUTER CARS  418
CT&T . 418
CURRENT MOTOR CO. . 419
CURRIE TECHNOLOGIES . 419
DAF TRUCKS . 420
DAIHATSU . 420
DAIMLER (MERCEDES BENZ, SMART, MITSUBISHI FUSO,
   ORION BUS INDUSTRIES/DAIMLER BUSES NORTH
   AMERICA) . 421
DESIGNLINE INTERNATIONAL  426
DOK­ING  427
DYNASTY ELECTRIC VEHICLES LTD. . 427
EATON CORP.  427
EBUS . 428
EFFEDI . 429
ELBIL NORGE AS 429
ELECTRIC CAR CORP. . 429
ELECTROVAYA (ELECTROFUEL)  430
ELETRA AUTOMOTIVE (DIV. GOTTLIEB INVENTIONS, INC.) . 430
ENOVA  430
EPEDS . 431
EUAUTO TECHNOLOGY LTD.  431
FERRARI . 432
FINE MOBILE GMBH . 433
FISHER COACHWORKS . 433
FISKER AUTOMOTIVE. 434
     FISKER AUTOMOTIVE (CONTINUED) . 435
FORD MOTOR CO. (LINCOLN, MERCURY, VOLVO)  436
GENERAL DYNAMICS LAND SYSTEMS . 444
GENERAL MOTORS (GMC, CHEVROLET, CADILLAC, SATURN, OPEL) . 445
GILLIG  454
GROUP LOTUS  455
HITACHI . 455
HONDA . 455
HYUNDAI MOTOR  458
INTELLIGENT ENERGY  459
INTERNATIONAL TRUCK AND ENGINE CORP. (NAVISTAR)  459
     INTERNATIONAL TRUCK . (CONTINUED) . 460
ISE CORP. . 461
ISUZU AND ITOCHU CORP.  463
ITALCAR . 464
IVECO . 464
JAGUAR CARS . 464
JR EAST  465
KIA MOTORS . 465
LIBERTY ELECTRIC CARS  467
LIEBHERR  467
LIGHTNING CAR COMPANY. 468
LUMENEO  468
MAN AG  468
MAZDA  468
MICRO­VETT SPA  469
MILES ELECTRIC VEHICLES (CODA) . 469
MILLENWORKS  470
MITSUBISHI MOTORS . 470
MODEC . 470
MOTOR COACH INDUSTRIES  471
MYERS MOTORS . 471
NEW FLYER INDUSTRIES  471
NISSAN (INFINITI, NISSAN FORKLIFT) . 471
NORTH AMERICAN BUS INDUSTRIES . 475
OKA AUTO USA (MIROX CORP.)  476
OPTIMAL ENERGY . 476
OSHKOSH TRUCK CORP.  477
PARRY PEOPLE MOVERS 477
PEUGEOT . 477
PHOENIX MOTORCARS . 478
PORSCHE . 478
PROTON 479
RAILPOWER TECHNOLOGIES . 480
RENAULT AND RENAULT TRUCKS
SEGWAY
SHANGHAI AUTOMOTIVE (SAIC) 
SHELBY SUPERCARS 
SMITH ELECTRIC VEHICLES (TANFIELD GROUP)
SOCIETE DE VEHICULES ELECTRIQUES (SVE) (DASSAULT AND
  HEULIEZ) 
SOLARIS BUS AND COACH
STEVENS VEHICLES
SUBARU (FUJI HEAVY INDUSTRIES)
SUZUKI MOTOR CORP. 
SYM MOTORS 
TATA MOTORS 
TECNOBUS
TESLA MOTORS 
TH!NK GLOBAL
THOMAS BUILT BUSES INC. 
THUNDER SKY ENERGY GROUP 
TOYOTA (LEXUS, HINO) 
VECTRIX INTERNATIONAL 
VENTUREONE (PERSU MOBILITY)
VENTURI 
VISION INDUSTRIES CORP.
VISIONARY VEHICLES 
VOLKSWAGEN (AUDI)
WHEEGO ELECTRIC CARS
WRIGHTBUS 
YAMAHA
ZAP 
ZENN MOTOR COMPANY 
ZERO MOTORCYCLES
ZYTEK AUTOMOTIVE