Utility-scale power generation has moved beyond the tried and true coal-fired, oil-burning, natural gas, nuclear, and hydroelectric stage. Significant amounts of electric power are generated using generally smaller “alternative” sources like wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal. As these smaller power generation approaches proliferate, the problem of off-peak generation becomes important.  What to do at night, or when the wind doesn’t blow, or when it blows too hard? Power system designers must begin to investigate ways to store alternative power so that it can be used when needed.

With this in mind, this report measures and examines the emerging market for utility-scale “alternative electric power storage,” including the use of batteries, fuel cells, capacitive storage, and flywheel energy storage. These storage approaches can be deployed using stationary facilities, mobile arrays, and increasingly, smart grids that can combine a variety of approaches (including banks of parked electric vehicles).

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

This report also can provide valuable information in terms of assessing investment in specific technologies and, therefore, should benefit investors directly or indirectly. Others may find the broad discussions of energy policy and environmental impact to be of considerable value in understanding the opportunities and problems in the near- to mid-term.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This report is intended to provide a unique analysis of the alternative electrical power storage market and will be of interest to a variety of current and potential alternative energy makers, users, and integrators as well as battery, fuel cell, capacitive energy storage and flywheel energy storage system makers and component makers.

SCOPE OF REPORT

As defined by this report, “alternative electrical power storage” includes approaches that use primarily electric and high speed kinetic approaches as opposed to larger scale kinetic approaches like pumped hydro and compressed air. This includes:

• Batteries (including lead-acid, nickel-based, lithium-based, sodium-sulfur, and redox flow systems)
• Fuel cells, which can be powered by hydrogen generated by excess capacity
• Flywheel energy storage, which stores excess energy in a high speed rotating kinetic battery
• Capacitive energy storage, which uses an electronic rather than an electrochemical approach to storing electrical energy.

As defined by this report, “alternative electrical power storage” refers primarily to power generated by means other than coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, and hydroelectric (wind, solar, geothermal, and tidal/wave). However, the alternative market is discussed in relation to this established “conventional” market.  It should also be noted that many of the energy storage technologies discussed in this report can also be used during conventional power generation for peak shifting.

This report discusses the North American, European, Far Eastern, and Rest-of-World market in terms of units, value, and megawatt capacity.  A target market based on optimistic, pessimistic, and consensus alternative energy adoption and power storage potential is provided. This is compared to the conventional power generation target and peak shifting opportunities.  The current market is small, mainly limited to pilot projects.  By 2016, these pilots will be expanding into commercial implementations. This 2016 market is also characterized in terms of optimistic, pessimistic, and consensus scenarios. Finally, long-term markets prospects (beyond 2021) are discussed in more general terms.

Major utility-scale alternative electrical power companies are listed and characterized, and energy storage systems companies and integrators are profiled in detail.

Note that there is a significant distinction between the term “alternative power” and the more commonly-used term “renewable energy.”

•  “Alternative” power is generated using processes beyond commonly-used coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, and hydropower
• “Renewable” energy is generated using processes that do not expend mined or pumped resources -- coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear. However, in addition to all the alternative fuels, “renewable” also includes hydropower.

METHODOLOGY

An in-depth analysis of technical and business literature and published dissertations, a review of the history of the technologies involved, interviews with industry experts, company representatives, federal government researchers, and university scientists provide an assessment of the outlook for alternative electrical power storage.  Other information sources include product literature from suppliers, scientific references, conferences, patent searches.

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this report, which is based on interviews with commercial and government sources, literature reviews, and patent examinations.  Throughout the report, past market data is expressed in current dollars, and estimates and projections are in constant 2011 dollars.  Historic markets (2006) and the projected market for 2016 are provided.  Long-term markets prospects (beyond 2021) are discussed in more general terms.

Most market summaries are based on a consensus scenario that assumes no unanticipated technical advances and no unexpected legislation.  When appropriate, pessimistic, consensus, and optimistic market scenarios characterize several developmental markets.  Totals are rounded to the nearest million dollars.  When appropriate, information from previously published sources is identified to allow a more detailed examination by clients.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT

• The global alternative electrical power storage market in 2011 will be worth more than $325 million, including more than $236 million worth of electrochemical batteries.  This market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% between 2011 and 2016 under a consensus scenario resulting in a $423 million global market in 2016, including $322 million worth of electrochemical batteries.
• Analysts anticipate a $175 million wind power market and a $147 million solar power market in 2011 under a consensus scenario. An optimistic but still possible scenario could see a wind power market worth more than $240 million by 2016, reflecting a 7% compound annual growth rate (CAGR). 
• In 2011, researchers forecast much larger fuel cell systems will be shipped. This sector is estimated at $25 million in 2011 and is expected to increase at a 12% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach $44 million in 2016.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION  
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY  1
INTENDED AUDIENCE  1
SCOPE OF REPORT  2
METHODOLOGY . 3
INFORMATION SOURCES . 3
ANALYST CREDENTIALS  3
DISCLAIMER . 4

CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY
SUMMARY  5
SUMMARY TABLE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY
POWER SOURCE, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  6
SUMMARY FIGURE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET
BY POWER SOURCE, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2006-2016 ($
MILLIONS)  6

CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW: CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION APPROACHES
OVERVIEW: CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION  7
POWER GENERATION COMPONENTS . 8
OPERATING AN ELECTRIC UTILITY . 8
TYPE OF POWER PLANTS  9
COMPONENTS AND CONCEPT DEFINITIONS . 10
Alternator . 10
Distributed Power  10
Distributed Power (Continued)  11
Generator . 11
Grid  12
Load Leveling/Peak Shaving . 12
TABLE 1 LOAD LEVELING AND PEAK SHIFTING APPROACHES  13
TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)  14
Meter  14
Power Conversion/Transformers  14
Reactor . 15
Turbine . 16
THE POWER GRID  17
CURRENT STATE: GENERATIONS ONE AND TWO . 17
Current State: Generations One and Two (Continued) . 18
FUTURE STATE: GENERATIONS THREE AND FOUR . 19

CHAPTER FOUR: OVERVIEW: MAJOR POWER GRIDS BY REGION OR COUNTRY  
NORTH AMERICAN POWER GRIDS  20
TABLE 2 LEADING U.S. ELECTRIC UTILITIES  20
TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)  21
TABLE 3 EXISTING CAPACITY BY ENERGY SOURCE, 2009
(NUMBER/MW)  21
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)  22
EUROPEAN POWER GRIDS  23
TABLE 4 EUROPEAN NETWORK OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
OPERATORS FOR ELECTRICITY MEMBERS . 24
EUROPEAN POWER GRIDS (CONTINUED) . 25
JAPANESE POWER GRIDS  26
TABLE 5 JAPANESE POWER UTILITIES . 26
JAPANESE POWER GRIDS (CONTINUED). 27
JAPANESE POWER GRIDS (CONTINUED). 28
CHINESE POWER GRIDS  29
TABLE 6 CHINESE POWER UTILITIES  29
CHINESE POWER GRIDS (CONTINUED) . 30
INDIAN POWER GRIDS  31
OTHER GLOBAL POWER GRIDS  32
RUSSIAN POWER GRID DEVELOPMENTS  32
Russian Power Grid Developments (Continued)  33
“BASE OF THE PYRAMID” POWER GRID DEVELOPMENTS  34
“Base of the Pyramid” Power Grid (Continued)  35
“Base of the Pyramid” Power Grid (Continued)  36

CHAPTER FIVE: OVERVIEW: ALTERNATIVE POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES  
OVERVIEW: ALTERNATIVE POWER GENERATION… . 37
SOLAR . 38
SOLAR POWER FUNDAMENTALS  38
Photovoltaics  38
Photovoltaics (Continued) 39
Thermal Solar (Concentrating Solar Power)  40
Thermal Solar (Continued) . 41
SOLAR POWER STORAGE  42
Solar Power Storage (Continued)  43
Solar Power Storage (Continued)  44
Solar Power Storage (Continued)  45
Solar Power Storage (Continued)  46
TABLE 7 APPLICATIONS FOR STORAGE-INTEGRATED
PHOTOVOLTAICS  47
Solar Power Storage (Continued)  48
TABLE 8 TECHNOLOGIES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER STORAGE  49
TABLE 8 (CONTINUED)  50
TABLE 8 (CONTINUED)  51
WIND . 52
WIND POWER FUNDAMENTALS  52
WIND POWER STORAGE  53
Wind Power Storage (Continued) . 54
TIDAL AND WAVE  55
TIDAL AND WAVE POWER FUNDAMENTALS  55
Tidal and Wave Power Fundamentals (Continued) . 56
TIDAL AND WAVE POWER STORAGE  57
GEOTHERMAL  58
GEOTHERMAL POWER FUNDAMENTALS  58
GEOTHERMAL POWER STORAGE  58
Geothermal Power Storage (Continued) . 59

CHAPTER SIX: POWER STORAGE
POWER STORAGE . 60
FIGURE 1 COMPARISON OF POWER STORAGE APPROACHES  61
POWER STORAGE (CONTINUED) . 62
TABLE 9 POWER STORAGE FUNCTIONALITY . 63
GRID-CONNECTED END-USER APPLICATIONS  63
BATTERIES  63
TABLE 10 POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE BATTERY
SYSTEMS  64
BATTERY BACKGROUND . 64
Voltage . 65
Capacity . 66
Shelf Life  66
Drain  66
Energy Density  67
Power  67
Recharge Time . 67
Cycle Life . 67
BATTERY TYPES  68
Lead-Acid Batteries . 68
Lead-Acid Batteries (Continued)  69
Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries  70
Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries (Continued)  71
Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries (Continued)  72
Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Polymer Batteries . 73
Lithium-Ion and Lithium-… (Continued)  74
Lithium-Ion and Lithium-… (Continued)  75
Lithium-Ion and Lithium-… (Continued)  76
Metal-Air Batteries  77
Aluminum-Air Batteries . 78
TABLE 11 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC ALUMINUMAIR
BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS . 79
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)  80
Zinc-Air Batteries . 80
Zinc-Air …(Continued)  81
TABLE 12 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC ZINC-AIR
BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS . 82
TABLE 12 (CONTINUED)  83
Zinc-Air/Manganese-Dioxide Batteries  84
Iron-Air Batteries . 84
Lithium-Air Batteries . 84
Nickel-Hydrogen Secondary Batteries 85
High-Temperature Lithium Batteries  86
High-Temperature … (Continued) . 87
High-Temperature … (Continued) . 88
TABLE 13 HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM-IRON SULFIDE
BATTERY R&D . 89
TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM BATTERY
RESEARCH  90
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries . 90
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries (Continued)  91
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries (Continued)  92
TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC SODIUMSULFUR
BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS  93
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries (Continued)  94
Redox and Flow Batteries . 95
Zinc-Chloride Batteries  96
Zinc-Bromine Redox Batteries . 96
Zinc-Bromine … (Continued)  97
Zinc-Bromine … (Continued)  98
Chromium-Chloride/Iron-Chloride Redox 99
Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRBs)  99
Vanadium … (Continued) . 100
Vanadium … (Continued) . 101
Sodium-Bromide Batteries . 102
MIT Liquid Battery . 102
MIT Liquid Battery (Continued)  103
Nickel-Iron Batteries . 104
Nickel-Zinc Batteries . 105
Nickel-Zinc Batteries (Continued) . 106
Nickel-Zinc Batteries (Continued) . 107
Calcium-Metal Sulfide Batteries  108
Sodium-Metal Chloride Batteries . 108
Sodium-Metal Chloride … (Continued) . 109
FUEL CELLS  109
FUEL CELL BACKGROUND . 109
Fuel Cell Background (Continued) . 110
TABLE 16 CANDIDATE ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE FUEL
CELLS  111
FUEL CELL TYPES  111
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells . 111
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells . 112
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells  113
Alkaline Fuel Cells  114
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells  114
HYDROGEN FUEL 115
The Hydrogen Economy  115
Hydrogen Production . 116
TABLE 17 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHODS 116
Electrolysis  116
Kanzius Radio Frequency Approach  117
SRT Hydrogen/Bromine Regenerative
Electrochemical Cell  117
SRT Hydrogen/Bromine (Continued)  118
SRT Hydrogen/Bromine (Continued)  119
Hydrogen Reforming . 120
Hydrogen Storage  121
Hydrogen Storage (Continued) . 122
FIGURE 2 CONCEPTUAL DRAWING OF HYDROGEN STORAGE IN
WIND TURBINE TOWER . 123
FIGURE 3 COST BREAKDOWN FOR MODIFYING WIND TURBINE
TOWER TO INCLUDE HYDROGEN STORAGE (%)  124
TABLE 18 HYDROGEN ELECTROLYZER/FUEL CELL ENERGY
STORAGE WITH HYDROGEN STORAGE IN WIND TURBINE
TOWERS, 2010 AND 2020  125
TABLE 19 COSTS OF GEOLOGIC STORAGE CAVERN
DEVELOPMENT FOR CAES AND HYDROGEN  126
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED)  127
TABLE 20 VALUE OF COMPONENTS FOR ANALYSIS OF PEM FUEL
CELL. 128
FIGURE 4 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL ENERGY ARBITRAGE
SCENARIO WITH GEOLOGIC STORAGE . 129
FIGURE 5 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL ENERGY ARBITRAGE
SCENARIO WITH ABOVE-GROUND STORAGE  130
CAPACITIVE STORAGE . 130
TABLE 21 SUPERCAPACITORS COMPARED TO BATTERIES  131
CAPACITIVE STORAGE (CONTINUED)  132
CAPACITIVE STORAGE (CONTINUED)  133
FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE  134
TABLE 22 FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE ADVANTAGES  135
TABLE 23 FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE DEFINITIONS . 136

CHAPTER SEVEN: POWER STORAGE COMPANIES
TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE COMPANIES 137
LEAD-ACID BATTERY COMPANIES . 137
TABLE 24 LEAD-ACID BATTERY COMPANIES . 137
TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)  138
NICKEL-BASED BATTERY COMPANIES  139
TABLE 25 NICKEL-BASED BATTERY COMPANIES . 139
LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES . 139
TABLE 26 LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES . 140
TABLE 27 MAJOR EV LITHIUM–ION BATTERY MAKERS  141
METAL-AIR BATTERY COMPANIES . 142
TABLE 28 METAL-AIR BATTERY COMPANIES . 142
FLOW BATTERY COMPANIES . 142
TABLE 29 FLOW BATTERY COMPANIES . 143
SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERY COMPANIES  143
TABLE 30 SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERY COMPANY . 143
CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE COMPANIES  143
TABLE 31 CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE COMPANIES . 144
FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE COMPANIES  145
TABLE 32 FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE COMPANIES . 145
FUEL CELL COMPANIES  145
TABLE 33 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL COMPANIES  146
ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE COMPANY PROFILES . 147
A123SYSTEMS . 147
A123Systems (Continued) . 148
AC DELCO . 149
ACTIVE POWER, INC.  150
ADVANCED BATTERY SYSTEMS  150
ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (ABAT)  151
AEROVOX INC. . 152
AFS TRINITY POWER CORP.  152
ALCAD, LTD. . 153
ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES  154
AMERICAN POWER CONVERSION . 155
AROTECH CORP.  155
ASC CAPACITORS  156
AXEON . 156
AXION POWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. . 157
Axion Power International, Inc. (Continued) . 158
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS . 159
BARKER MICROFARADS, INC.  160
BATTERY BUILDERS, INC. (BBI) . 161
BATTERYCORP . 161
BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC. . 162
B.B. BATTERY . 162
BEACON POWER CORP.  163
BETA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT/BETARD  164
BOEING CAPITAL CORP.  165
BOLLORE GROUP  166
BOSTON-POWER  167
BYD BATTERIES  168
CAP-XX LTD  169
CAPACITOR INDUSTRIES (CHICAGO CONDENSER)  170
C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. . 170
CHINA BAK BATTERY, INC. . 171
CONCORD BATTERY CORP. . 172
COOPER BUSSMANN  172
CROWN BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO. . 173
CSB BATTERY OF AMERICA CORP. . 173
CSI CAPACITORS, INC. . 174
DAIS ANALYTIC CORP. . 174
DANA CANADA CORP 174
DEARBORN ELECTRONICS, INC. . 175
DORNIER GMBH  175
DOUGLAS BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO. . 176
DYNACELL CORP.  176
DYNO BATTERY, INC. . 177
EAGLEPICHER CORP. (OM CORP.)  177
EAST PENN MANUFACTURING CO. (DEKA BATTERIES)  178
ELECTROVAYA . 179
ELNA AMERICA, INC.  180
ENER1, INC. (ENERDEL)  180
LITHIUM  181
ENERSYS, INC. . 182
EVANS  183
EVEREXCEED INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.  183
EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES (GNB)  184
FARASIS ENERGY  184
FIAMM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.  185
FIREFLY ENERGY . 186
FLUIDIC ENERGY  187
FLYWHEEL ENERGY SYSTEMS INC. . 187
FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES  188
FOSTER-MILLER, INC.  188
FZ SONICK S.A. (CEBI)  189
FURUKAWA BATTERY CO.  189
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. . 190
GENERAL MOTORS, CORP.  190
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
PARK . 191
GOLDEN ENERGY FUEL CELL CO., LTD. . 192
H POWER CORP. . 192
HITACHI AMERICA  192
LEAD-ACID  193
HONEYWELL  194
HORIZON FUEL CELLS . 194
HYB BATTERY CO., LTD. (HUA-YUE-BAO BATTERY) . 195
HYDROGENICS CORP.  195
IBS ELECTRONICS INC. . 196
IDATECH, LLC  196
INNERGY POWER CORP. (AN ECOTALITY COMPANY)  197
IMB ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS, INC. (RTI ELECTRONICS)  198
INDUSTRIAL BATTERY ENGINEERING  198
IOXUS . 199
JOHNSON CONTROLS  199
Johnson Controls (Continued)  200
K2 ENERGY SOLUTIONS  201
KANTHAL GLOBAR . 202
KOA SPEER ELECTRONICS INC.  202
KOKAM AMERICA, INC.  202
LCR ELECTRONICS, INC. . 203
LG CHEM, LTD.  203
LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC)  204
Lithium Technology Corp. (LTC) (Continued) . 205
LOCKHEED MARTIN IDAHO TECHNOLOGIES  206
MAXELL WORLDWIDE  207
Maxell Worldwide (Continued) . 208
MCPHY ENERGY S.A.  209
McPhy Energy S.A. (Continued) . 210
MITSUBISHI INTERNATIONAL . 211
MOTOROLA . 212
NAMIL BATTERY . 212
NANOEXA  213
NEAH POWER . 213
NEC CORP.  214
NEC TOKIN AMERICA . 215
NEDSTACK FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY  215
NESS TECHNOLOGIES CORP. . 216
NGK INSULATORS . 217
NORTHROP GRUMMAN  217
NUVERA FUEL CELLS  218
NWL  219
OPTIMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS  220
PACECO CORP. . 220
PALCAN FUEL CELLS, LTD.  221
PANASONIC (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO.,
LTD.)  222
PASSIVE COMPONENTS, INC. . 223
PERFECT POWER  223
PINNACLE VRB  223
PLUG POWER . 224
Plug Power (Continued)  225
POLYPLUS BATTERY CO. . 226
POWER BATTERY CO. . 227
POWERCELL CORP. . 227
POWERGENIX . 228
POWER SONIC CORP.  228
POWER THRU (PENTADYNE)  228
POWERZINC ELECTRIC, INC.  229
PRIMUS POWER . 230
PRUDENT ENERGY . 230
Prudent Energy (Continued) . 231
Prudent Energy (Continued) . 232
QUALLION LLC  233
REDOX TECHNOLOGY CORP. . 234
REGENESYS TECHNOLOGIES/INNOGY  234
RELIANT ENERGY POWER SYSTEMS . 235
ROBERT BOSCH GMBH (SB LIMOTIVE CO. LTD)  235
Robert Bosch … (Continued)  236
Robert Bosch … (Continued)  237
ROLLS BATTERY ENGINEERING . 238
ROLLS–ROYCE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS LTD. . 238
SAFT . 239
Saft (Continued) . 240
Saft (Continued) . 241
SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.  242
SHIN KOBE . 243
SIGMA TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.  243
SION POWER  244
SHANGHAI SHENLI HIGH TECH CO., LTD.  245
SMART FUEL CELL AG (SFC)  245
SOLARTRON . 246
SONY CORP.  246
Sony Corp. (Continued) . 247
STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC.  248
SUPERIOR BATTERY MANUFACTURING . 248
SURE POWER CORP. . 248
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES LTD.  249
SWIFT INDUSTRIAL POWER . 249
TECHNICAL FIBRE PRODUCTS  250
TIAX  250
T/J TECHNOLOGIES, INC.  251
TNR TECHNICAL, INC. . 252
TOSHIBA  252
TPL, INC.  253
TROJAN BATTERY CO. 254
TUNGSTONE BATTERIES, INC.  254
U.S. BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO.  255
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES  255
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO  256
UPE, INC. . 257
VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC. . 257
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP. . 258
WORLD ELECTRONICS INC.  258
WORLD FLYWHEEL CONSORTIUM . 259
YUASA, INC. (GS YUASA CORP., YUASA BATTERY
AMERICA, INC., YUASA–EXIDE)  259
Yuasa, Inc(CC) . 260
ZBB ENERGY CORP.  261
ZBB Energy Corp. (Continued) . 262
ZBB Energy Corp. (Continued) . 263
ZTEK CORP.  264

CHAPTER EIGHT: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE . 265
MARKET DRIVERS . 266
HOW THE POWER GENERATION SITUATIONS IMPACT
THE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET  266
Energy Information Administration Global Conventional
Electric Energy Baseline and Forecast . 266
Energy Information Administration…(Continued)  267
Energy Information Administration…(Continued)  268
TABLE 34 OECD AND NON-OECD NET ELECTRICITY GENERATION
BY ENERGY SOURCE, 2007-2035 (TRILLION KILOWAT HOURS)  269
TABLE 35 WORLD TOTAL INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY BY
REGION AND COUNTRY, 2007-2035 (GIGAWATTS) . 270
Energy Information Administration Global
Alternative/Renewable Electric Energy Baseline and
Forecast  270
Energy Information…(Continued) . 271
TABLE 36 WORLD INSTALLED WIND-POWERED GENERATING
CAPACITY BY REGION AND COUNTRY, 2007-2035 (GIGAWATTS) . 272
TABLE 36 (CONTINUED)  273
TABLE 37 WORLD INSTALLED GEOTHERMAL GENERATING
CAPACITY BY REGION AND COUNTRY, 2007-2035 (GIGAWATTS) . 273
TABLE 38 WORLD INSTALLED SOLAR GENERATING CAPACITY BY
REGION AND COUNTRY, 2007-2035 (GIGAWATTS) . 274
TABLE 39 WORLD INSTALLED OTHER RENEWABLE GENERATING
CAPACITY BY REGION AND COUNTRY, 2007-2035 (GIGAWATTS)  275
TABLE 40 WORLD NET WIND-POWERED ELECTRICITY
GENERATION FROM CENTRAL PRODUCERS BY REGION AND
COUNTRY, 2007-2035 (BILLION KILOWATTHOURS) . 276
TABLE 41 WORLD NET GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION
FROM CENTRAL PRODUCERS BY REGION AND COUNTRY, 2007-
2035 (BILLION KILOWATTHOURS) . 277
TABLE 42 WORLD NET SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM
CENTRAL PRODUCERS BY REGION AND COUNTRY, 2007-2035
(BILLION KILOWATTHOURS) . 278
TABLE 43 WORLD NET OTHER RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY
GENERATION FROM CENTRAL PRODUCERS BY REGION AND
COUNTRY, 2007-2035 (BILLION KILOWATTHOURS) . 279
PRICE AND PRICE/PERFORMANCE DRIVERS . 279
Driving Force: Alternative Power Generation and Storage
Prices  279
TABLE 44 ESTIMATED LEVELIZED COST OF NEW GENERATION
RESOURCES FOR 2016 . 280
FIGURE 6 ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE CAPITAL COST
COMPARISON . 281
Driving Force: Alternative Power Storage System Costs  281
TABLE 45 TYPICAL ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE SYSTEM
COST COMPONENTS  282
Driving Force: Alternative Power Storage Procurement
Process  282
Driving Force: Stored Energy Pricing Considerations . 283
Driving Force: Stored … (Continued)  284
Driving Force: Renewable Energy Certificates  285
Driving Force: … (Continued)  286
Driving Force: Standards and Guidelines  287
POLITICAL MARKET DRIVERS . 288
Driving Force: Direct Regulatory Barriers to Alternative
Power Storage . 288
Driving Force: Direct Regulatory… (Continued)  289
Driving Force: Alternative Power Storage Policy Goals  290
Driving Force: Alternative …(Continued) . 291
Driving Force: Direct Government Regulation and
Subsidies . 292
Driving Force: Direct…(Continued) . 293
ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET DRIVERS  294
Driving Force: Direct Environmental Impact  294
TABLE 46 QUALITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEMS . 295
UTILITY INDUSTRY OPTIMIZATION DRIVERS  295
Driving Force: A New, Competitive U.S. Utility Industry . 295
Driving Force: Impact on the Electric Utility Industry . 296
Driving Force: Impact on Electricity Buyers  297
Driving Force: Impact on … (Continued) . 298
Driving Force: Impact on … (Continued) . 299
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DRIVERS  300
Driving Force: The Commercialization Process . 300
TABLE 47 ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE ENGINEERING AND
DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES ($ MILLIONS)  301
Driving Force: PV Power Storage Research Objectives . 301
Driving Force: PV Power …(Continued)  302
Driving Force: PV Power …(Continued)  303
Driving Force: Patent Activity and Disputes . 304
University of Texas, Hydro Quebec, and NTT, and
Others  305
3M, Sony, and Lenovo . 306
Alternative Power Storage Research Associations  307
Electricity Storage Association  307
Energy Storage Council  307
Electric Power Research Institute . 308
KEMA  308
National Renewable Energy Laboratory . 309
Sandia National Laboratories  309
Sandia …(Continued)  310

CHAPTER NINE: ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE MARKETS
ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE MARKET BACKGROUND . 311
ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE MARKET DRIVERS AND
SCENARIOS  312
TABLE 48 POWER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY MARKET DRIVERS . 313
TABLE 49 CONSENSUS, OPTIMISTIC, AND PESSIMISTIC POWER
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY SCENARIOS  314
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)  315
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)  316
MARKETS BY POWER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY . 317
TABLE 50 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
SOURCE, CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($ MILLIONS) . 317
FIGURE 7 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
SOURCE, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2006-2016 ($ MILLIONS)  318
FIGURE 8 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
SOURCE IN 2011, CONSENSUS SCENARIO (%)  319
TABLE 51 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
SOURCE, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)  320
TABLE 52 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
SOURCE, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  321
TABLE 53 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET
CONSENSUS SCENARIO ESTIMATE, THROUGH 2021 ($
MILLIONS)  322
TABLE 53 (CONTINUED)  323
MARKETS BY POWER GENERATION TYPE . 324
TABLE 54 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
GENERATION, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  325
FIGURE 9 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY
GENERATION SOURCE CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2011 (%)  326
TABLE 55 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
GENERATION, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  326
TABLE 55 (CONTINUED)  327
TABLE 56 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY POWER
GENERATION, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  327
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)  328
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE MARKETS  328
TABLE 57 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY SYSTEM
MATURITY, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  329
FIGURE 10 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY
SYSTEM MATURITY, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2011 (%) . 330
TABLE 58 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY SYSTEM
MATURITY, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  330
TABLE 58 (CONTINUED)  331
TABLE 59 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE MARKET BY SYSTEM
MATURITY, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS)  331
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)  332
MARKETS BY REGION . 332
TABLE 60 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BY REGION,
CONSENSUS SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)  332
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)  333
FIGURE 11 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BY REGION,
CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2011 (%). 333
TABLE 61 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BY REGION,
OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)  334
TABLE 62 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BY REGION,
PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO ($ MILLIONS)  335

CHAPTER TEN: POWER STORAGE INTEGRATORS
TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE SYSTEM
INTEGRATORS . 336
WIND ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS . 337
TABLE 63 WIND ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS . 337
TABLE 63 (CONTINUED)  338
SOLAR ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS . 339
TABLE 64 SOLAR ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS  339
TABLE 64 (CONTINUED)  340
GEOTHERMAL ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS . 340
TABLE 65 GEOTHERMAL ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS  341
TIDAL AND WAVE ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS . 341
TABLE 66 TIDAL AND WAVE ALTERNATIVE POWER INTEGRATORS  341
POWER STORAGE INTEGRATOR PROFILES . 341
A2SEA A/S  342
ABB LTD. . 343
ABB Ltd. (Continued)  344
ABENGOA SOLAR  345
AES CORP. . 345
AES Corp. (Continued)  346
AIRTRICITY . 347
ALSTOM POWER INC. . 348
AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER (AEP)  348
American Electric Power (AEP) (Continued) . 349
American Electric Power (AEP) (Continued) . 350
AMERICAS WIND ENERGY CORPORATION . 351
AREVA  352
BALLAST-NEDAM  353
CALENERGY GENERATION . 353
CALPINE CORP. . 354
CANADIAN SOLAR, INC  355
CHINA POWER NEW ENERGY  356
CONERGY AG  356
DELTA ELECTRONICS, INC.  357
EDP RENOVÁVEIS, SA  358
ENEL GREEN POWER . 359
ENERNEX  359
ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE (EPRI) . 360
Electric Power … (Continued) . 361
FINAVERA RENEWABLES, INC . 362
FLUOR CORP. . 362
GAMESA CORPORACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA . 363
GCL SOLAR SYSTEM LTD. . 363
GENERAL ELECTRIC  364
GESTAMP SOLAR AND GESTAMP WIND . 365
GLOBAL MOBILETECH . 365
GOLDWIND . 366
GRADIENT RESOURCES . 367
GRIDPOINT INC.  368
IBERDROLA RENOVABLES, SA . 369
IE POWER INC. . 370
INNERGEX RENEWABLE ENERGY, INC.  370
INTEGRYS ENERGY SERVICES, INC 371
J-POWER  371
JA SOLAR HOLDINGS CO, LTD . 372
JUWI SOLAR . 372
Juwi Solar (Continued) . 373
MARINE CURRENT TURBINES . 374
MASS MEGAWATTS WIND POWER  375
MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES . 375
NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORP.  375
NEVADA GEOTHERMAL POWER, INC. (NGP)  376
NEXTERA ENERGY RESOURCES (FLORIDA POWER &
LIGHT)  377
NIPPON KOUATSU ELECTRIC (NKE). 378
NORDEX, AG . 378
NOVA SCOTIA POWER  379
NRG ENERGY (GREEN MOUNTAIN ENERGY) . 379
OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES INC. (OPT) . 380
Ocean Power … (Continued) . 381
ORMAT INDUSTRIES  382
PATTERN ENERGY GROUP 383
PHOENIX SOLAR, AG  384
PRINCETON POWER SYSTEMS . 384
PRISTINE POWER, INC. (VERESEN) . 385
Pristine Power, Inc… (Continued)  386
Q-CELLS, AG . 387
RAM POWER, CORP.  388
RENEWABLE ENERGY CORP. . 388
RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION, LTD.  389
REPOWER  389
SAG SOLARSTROM, AG . 390
SATCON . 390
Satcon (Continued) . 391
S&C ELECTRIC COMPANY . 392
S&C Electric Company (Continued) . 393
SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC  394
SCHNEIDER POWER INC.  394
SIEMENS AG . 395
Siemens Ag (Continued)  396
SINOVEL  397
SOLAREN . 398
SOLAR-FABRIK, AG . 399
SOLARFUN POWER HOLDINGS CO, LTD  399
SOLARWORLD, AG . 399
SUNEDISON  400
SUNTECH POWER . 401
SUZLON ENERGY AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD. . 402
TERRA-GEN POWER, LLC  402
TEXZON UTILITIES . 403
TRANSACT ENERGY CORP. . 404
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP. (CLIPPER WINDPOWER,
PLC) . 405
VATTENFALL AB . 405
Vattenfall AB (Continued)  406
VESTAS WIND SYSTEMS, AS . 407
WINDFLOW TECHNOLOGY, LTD. . 408
WINDTAMER CORP.  408
XTREME POWER INC. . 409
Xtreme Power Inc. (Continued) . 410
YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING CO, LTD . 411
ZENITHSOLAR  411
Zenithsolar (Continued)  412
APPENDIX A: COMBINED SMART GRID DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SELECTIONS FOR 2011  413
APPENDIX A: . 413