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This study analyzes the status of global markets for fiber optic sensors. Fiber optic sensors (FOS) began as a by-product of telecommunications. The first sensors were designed to measure the performance and status of optical fiber networks. Optical networks transmit voice and data across the U.S. and around the world. The networks require constant monitoring to ensure signal transmission along the fibers in the network.
Faults or flaws along the length of the fiber affect the characteristic of the transmitted signal in measurable ways. Differences in temperature, strain, and pressure can be measured over long distances. The ability to multiplex a large number of wavelengths along a single fiber offers a means to gather a large amount of data from a single fiber.
With the ability to operate in harsh environments and imperviousness to electromagnetic interference, FOS can be applied in conditions in which electronic sensors fail. The cost of FOS technology remains higher than electronic sensors, thus FOS have penetrated only where the unique advantages of FOS justify the higher expense, or in which they are the only option for a harsh environment..
This report considers market conditions and opportunities in regional areas around the globe. The report also considers potential new applications that will emerge in the next 5 years. Recovery from the recession of 2008 and 2009 affected industry growth in the near term, but future growth opportunities are strong.
Optical fiber sensors measure temperature, pressure, humidity, acceleration, and strain, and can operate in harsh conditions. This report considers the different types of sensor, what they can measure, and where they are used. This report does not consider sensors for the telecommunications market.
Optical fiber sensors are used in energy, medicine, defense, industrial, security, structural, and commercial aerospace applications. Fiber optic sensors found a lucrative niche in the oil and gas market, as they opened an entire new revenue stream for service providers. However, improvements in sensor robustness will be required for FOS to realize their potential in this market.
Although familiarity with fiber sensor technology has increased and sensor prices have decreased, fiber sensors still find the most application in areas where electronic sensors cannot compete. In cases in which fiber optic sensors attempt to replace existing electronic technology that meets the defined need adequately and for lower cost, the electronic option still dominates. Cost and unfamiliarity remain the primary barriers to fiber optic sensor growth into new applications.
This report provides a standard 5-year planning cycle and revenue estimates through 2017. It defines product segments for optical coating technology categories, analyzes technology options, and determines current application markets as well as likely future opportunities.
Additionally, this report defines and graphically analyzes these fiber optic sensor markets from many perspectives, categorizes and profiles the companies involved, defines unique nomenclature, and details policy organizations, conferences, authors, and consortiums.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
The world has benefited immensely from the development of electronic technology and sensors. But electronics have several inherent limitations in terms of ultimate speed of function and environmental limitations on performance. Optical technologies offer the promise of faster speeds and the ability to operate under harsher conditions. However, before an optical revolution can occur, supporting technologies such as sensors must be developed.
Fiber optic sensor technology represents a critical feedback technology that will be applied in optical devices and systems, existing and yet to be developed. As sensing options increase, engineers and developers will be able to make all optical systems a future reality. Sensors may not be the most buzz-worthy market, but they are essential.
SCOPE OF REPORT
This business opportunity report covers, with a critical eye, the global fiber optic sensors marketplace. It focuses particularly on the markets and opportunities for fiber optic sensors in telecommunications, oil and gas exploration and drilling, medical, and industrial markets. The study considers future opportunities for new application markets.
This study is presented in easy-to-follow sections that overview this subject, define the technology, segment the market by product type and application, profile companies, and identify suppliers. All dollar amounts are expressed in current 2011U.S. dollars.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This report is a complete market information source for serious players in the fiber optical sensors marketplace. Network system integrators will use this report to assess the status of the fiber optic sensor market in order to identify suppliers and systems integrators, and forecast the future markets.
Market managers will be able to assess the competition and identify customers and new suppliers for components. Management consultants will determine whether companies divest or invest in fiber optic technology based in part on the market projections, competitive strengths, and development issues revealed in this report.
Equipment managers will develop or modify existing products to address the fiber optic technology manufacturing concerns discussed in this report. Material suppliers will identify market opportunities and new customers based on the study’s projected growth in applications.
Venture capital managers will identify targets for investments, mergers, or acquisition based on companies identified and described in this report. Strategic planners will identify other companies with critical strains to strategically partner with so they can share in the overall fiber optic technology growth as projected in this report.
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2
SCOPE OF REPORT 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE 3
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 3
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 3
DISCLAIMER 4
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL VALUE FOR FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
BY TYPE, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 5
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL VALUE FOR FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
BY TYPE, 2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 6
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW
DEFINITION OF THE INDUSTRY 7
EXTRINSIC OR INTRINSIC SENSORS 7
POINT AND DISTRIBUTED SENSORS 7
TABLE 1 TYPES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS APPLIED 8
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY 9
CONCEPTS IN THE INDUSTRY 9
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE 10
TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE 10
HISTORY 10
TABLE 2 BRIEF HISTORY OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS 11
FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPES 11
TELECOMMUNICATIONS LEGACY 12
DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SPUR RESEARCH 12
EXTENDING DRILLERS REACH 13
SURGICAL MINIATURIZATION 13
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS 14
FORESEEABLE FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 14
EXISTING MARKETS 14
Energy 14
Defense 15
Medical 15
Security 15
Structural 15
Industrial 16
Transportation 16
NEW MARKETS 16
CHAPTER FOUR: TECHNOLOGY
TYPES OF SENSORS 17
TABLE 3 TYPES OF SENSORS COVERED IN THIS REPORT 17
FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETERS 17
FIBER OPTIC GYRO 18
FIBER BRAGG GRATING 18
BRILLOUIN 19
COATED FIBER SENSORS 20
ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS 21
TABLE 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOS 21
NO ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE 21
SMALL SENSING ELEMENTS 21
ENVIRONMENTAL RUGGEDNESS 22
MULTIPLEXING OF SIGNALS 22
SECURITY 22
DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS 22
TABLE 5 DISADVANTAGES OF FOS 22
WEIGHT CONSIDERATIONS 23
COST 23
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY 23
PATENT ANALYSIS 24
PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE 24
TABLE 6 PATENTS BY COMPANY, THROUGH JULY 2011
(PATENTS) 24
PATENTS BY SENSOR TYPE 25
TABLE 7 PATENTS BY SENSOR TYPE, 2008-JULY 2011 (PATENTS) 25
Patents by Sensor Type (Continued) 26
PATENT APPLICATIONS BY SENSOR TYPE 27
TABLE 8 PATENT APPLICATIONS BY SENSOR TYPE, 2008-JULY
2011 (APPLICATIONS) 27
Patent Applications by Sensor Type (Continued) 28
CHAPTER FIVE: MARKET BY SENSOR TYPE
FORECAST OF ASSUMPTIONS 29
PRICES 29
PRICING TRENDS 29
TABLE 9 GLOBAL VALUE OF FOS MARKET BY SENSOR TYPE,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 30
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL VALUE OF FOS MARKET BY SENSOR TYPE,
2010-2107 ($ MILLIONS) 31
EXTRINSIC 31
TABLE 10 GLOBAL SIZE OF EXTRINSIC FOS MARKET, THROUGH
2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 32
TABLE 11 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR EXTRINSIC FOS, BY
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 32
COATED FIBERS 33
FIGURE 2 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR COATED FIBER
SENSORS, 2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 33
Growth Drivers 34
Growth Inhibitors 34
FABRY-PEROT 34
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR FABRY-PEROT SENSORS,
2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 35
Growth Drivers 35
Growth Inhibitors 35
OTHER SENSORS 36
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR OTHER SENSORS,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 36
Growth Drivers 37
Growth Inhibitors 37
INTRINSIC 37
TABLE 12 GLOBAL SIZE OF INTRINSIC FOS MARKET, THROUGH
2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 37
TABLE 13 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR INTRINSIC FOS, BY
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 38
FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPES 38
FIGURE 5 GLOBAL VALUE OF FOG SENSORS, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 39
Growth Drivers 39
Growth Inhibitors 39
FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS 40
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL VALUE FOR FBG SENSORS, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 41
Growth Drivers 41
Growth Inhibitors 42
BRILLOUIN 42
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL VALUE FOR BRILLOUIN BASED SENSORS,
2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 43
Growth Drivers 43
Growth Inhibitors 44
MARKET BY SENSOR DESIGN 44
TABLE 14 GLOBAL VALUE OF FOS MARKET BY DESIGN, THROUGH
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 44
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE BY SENSOR DESIGN, 2010-
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 45
POINT SENSORS 45
TABLE 15 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR POINT FOS, BY
CATEGORY, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 46
Fiber Optic Gyroscope 46
Coated Fiber Sensors 46
Fabry-Perot Sensors 46
Other Sensors 47
DISTRIBUTED SENSORS 47
TABLE 16 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR DISTRIBUTED FOS, BY
CATEGORY, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 47
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors 47
Brillouin Sensors 48
CHAPTER SIX: MARKETS BY APPLICATION
MARKETS BY APPLICATION 49
TABLE 17 GLOBAL VALUE OF FIBER OPTIC SENSOR MARKET BY
APPLICATION, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 50
FIGURE 9 MARKET SHARE OF GLOBAL VALUE BY APPLICATION,
2011 AND 2017 (%) 51
ENERGY 52
TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ENERGY, THROUGH
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 52
OIL AND GAS 53
TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE FOR OIL AND GAS BY
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 53
Growth Drivers 54
Growth Inhibitors 55
Down-Hole Model Assumptions 55
Number of Worldwide Wells 55
TABLE 20 NUMBER OF WELLS WORLDWIDE THROUGH 2017
(WELLS) 56
Americas 57
EMEA 57
Asia 58
Global Value Model 58
TABLE 21 GLOBAL VALUE MODEL FOR FOS IN THE DOWN-HOLE
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 58
Global Value (Continued) 59
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL VALUE FOR FOS IN THE DOWN-HOLE
SEGMENT, 2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 60
Seismic 60
Growth Drivers 61
Growth Inhibitors 61
Model Assumptions 61
TABLE 22 GLOBAL VALUE FOR SEISMIC FOS, THROUGH 2017
(UNITS AS NOTED) 62
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL VALUE FOR SEISMIC FOS, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 63
WIND ENERGY 63
Growth Drivers 64
Growth Inhibitors 64
Model Assumptions 65
TABLE 23 VALUE MODEL FOR WIND ENERGY FOS, THROUGH 2017
(UNITS AS NOTED) 65
FIGURE 12 GLOBAL VALUE FOR FOS IN WIND ENERGY, 2010-2017
($ MILLIONS) 66
ELECTRIC POWER TURBINES 66
Growth Drivers 67
Growth Inhibitors 67
DEFENSE 67
TABLE 24 GLOBAL VALUE FOR DEFENSE MARKETS BY SEGMENT,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 67
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL VALUE FOR DEFENSE MARKETS, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 68
GROWTH DRIVERS 68
GROWTH INHIBITORS 69
AIRCRAFT 69
Growth Drivers 69
Growth Inhibitors 69
Model Assumptions 70
TABLE 25 GLOBAL VALUE FOR AIRCRAFT MARKETS BY
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 70
Manned Aircraft 70
Unmanned or Drone Aircraft 71
Helicopters 71
Average FOG Price 72
FIGURE 14 GLOBAL VALUE FOR AIRCRAFT MARKETS, 2010-2017
($ MILLIONS) 73
MUNITIONS 73
Growth Drivers 73
Growth Inhibitors 74
Model Assumptions 74
TABLE 26 GLOBAL VALUE FOR MUNITIONS MARKET THROUGH,
2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 74
Missiles 74
Torpedoes 75
Weapon Mounts 75
Average FOG Price 76
FIGURE 15 GLOBAL VALUE FOR MUNITIONS MARKET, 2010-2017
($ MILLIONS) 76
HYDROPHONES, SECURITY, AND RESEARCH 77
TABLE 27 GLOBAL VALUE FOR OTHER MILITARY MARKETS,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 77
FIGURE 16 GLOBAL VALUE FOR OTHER MILITARY MARKETS,
2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 78
Hydrophones 78
Growth Drivers 79
Growth Inhibitors 79
FIGURE 17 GLOBAL VALUE FOR FOS IN HYDROPHONES, 2010 2017
($ MILLIONS) 79
Perimeter Security 80
Growth Drivers 80
Growth Inhibitors 80
FIGURE 18 GLOBAL VALUE FOR DEFENSE PERIMETER SECURITY
MARKET, 2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 81
Research and Development 81
Growth Drivers 82
Growth Inhibitors 82
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL VALUE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MARKET, 2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 82
FIGURE 19 (CONTINUED) 83
MEDICAL 83
TABLE 28 GLOBAL VALUE FOR MEDICAL MARKET BY SEGMENT,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 84
GROWTH DRIVERS 84
GROWTH INHIBITORS 85
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL VALUE FOR MEDICAL MARKET, THROUGH
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 86
LOOD ANALYZERS 87
TABLE 29 BLOOD ANALYZER MARKET MODEL, THROUGH 2017
(UNITS AS NOTED) 87
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL VALUE FOR FOS BLOOD ANALYZERS, 2010-
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 88
PRESSURE SENSORS 88
Growth Drivers 89
Growth Inhibitors 89
TABLE 30 GLOBAL CARDIAC CATHETERIZATIONS BY REGION,
THROUGH 2017 (MILLIONS) 90
TABLE 31 GLOBAL VALUE FOR CATHETER FOS MARKET,
THROUGH 2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 91
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL VALUE FOR CATHETER FOS, THROUGH 2017
($ MILLIONS) 92
STRUCTURAL 92
TABLE 32 STRUCTURAL SENSOR MARKET MODEL, THROUGH
2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 92
GROWTH DRIVERS 93
GROWTH INHIBITORS 93
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL VALUE FOR STRUCTURAL SENSOR MARKET,
2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 93
FIGURE 23 (CONTINUED) 94
SECURITY 94
TABLE 33 SECURITY MARKET MODEL, THROUGH 2017 (UNITS AS
NOTED) 95
GROWTH DRIVERS 95
GROWTH INHIBITORS 96
FIGURE 24 SECURITY MARKET MODEL, 2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 96
FIGURE 24 (CONTINUED) 97
INDUSTRIAL 97
TABLE 34 INDUSTRIAL MARKET MODEL, THROUGH 2017 (UNITS
AS NOTED) 97
GROWTH DRIVERS 97
GROWTH INHIBITORS 98
MODEL ASSUMPTIONS 98
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL VALUE FOR INDUSTRIAL MARKET, 2010-2017
($ MILLIONS) 99
TRANSPORTATION 99
TABLE 35 GLOBAL COMMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION MARKET
VALUE BY CATEGORY, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 100
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL COMMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION MARKET
VALUE, 2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 100
FIGURE 26 (CONTINUED) 101
COMMERCIAL AIR 101
TABLE 36 AIR TRANSPORT MARKET VALUE BY CATEGORY,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 101
Fixed Wing 102
Growth Drivers 102
Growth Inhibitors 102
Model Assumptions 102
TABLE 37 FIXED WING AIRCRAFT MARKET MODEL, THROUGH
2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 103
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL VALUE FIXED WING AIRCRAFT MARKET, 2010-
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 103
FIGURE 27 (CONTINUED) 104
Helicopters 104
Growth Drivers 104
Growth Inhibitors 104
Model Assumptions 104
TABLE 38 HELICOPTER MARKET MODEL, THROUGH 2017 (UNITS
AS NOTED) 105
FIGURE 28 GLOBAL VALUE OF THE HELICOPTER MARKET, 2010-
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 105
FIGURE 28 (CONTINUED) 106
Satellites 106
TABLE 39 GLOBAL VALUE FOR THE SATELLITE MARKET,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 106
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL VALUE FOR THE SATELLITE MARKET, 2010-
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 107
MARINE 107
TABLE 40 GLOBAL VALUE FOR THE MARINE MARKET BY
CATEGORY, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 107
FIGURE 30 GLOBAL VALUE FOR COMMERCIAL MARINE
TRANSPORTATION MARKET BY CATEGORY, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 108
Commercial Market 108
TABLE 41 COMMERCIAL SHIPPING MARKET MODEL, THROUGH
2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 109
FIGURE 31 COMMERCIAL BOATING GLOBAL VALUE, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 110
Recreational Boating Market 110
TABLE 42 RECREATIONAL BOATING MARKET MODEL, THROUGH
2017 (UNITS AS NOTED) 111
FIGURE 32 RECREATIONAL BOATING GLOBAL VALUE, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 112
CHAPTER SEVEN: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
DRIVING FORCES 113
STRATEGIES FOR STAYING COMPETITIVE 113
Joint Ventures 113
Purchase or License Technology 114
Lower Processing Costs 114
IMPORTANT SHIFTS 114
LARGER COMPANIES DOMINATE 115
VENTURE CAPITAL UNINTERESTED 115
ATTRIBUTES LIMITS PENETRATION 115
COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES 115
MARKET SEGMENTATION 116
CHAPTER EIGHT: INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS
GLOBAL MARKET BY REGION 117
TABLE 43 APPARENT FOS CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 117
AMERICAS 117
Growth Drivers 117
Growth Inhibitors 118
FIGURE 33 APPARENT FOS CONSUMPTION IN THE AMERICAS,
2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 119
EMEA 119
Growth Drivers 119
Growth Inhibitors 120
FIGURE 34 APPARENT FOS CONSUMPTION IN THE EMEA REGION,
2010-2017 ($ MILLIONS) 120
ASIA 121
Growth Drivers 121
Growth Inhibitors 121
FIGURE 35 APPARENT FOS CONSUMPTION IN ASIA, 2010-2017 ($
MILLIONS) 122
FOG MARKET BY REGION 122
TABLE 44 APPARENT FOG CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH
2017 ($ MILLIONS) 122
AMERICAS 123
EMEA 123
ASIA 123
BG MARKET BY REGION 123
TABLE 45 APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF FBG BY REGION,
THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 124
AMERICAS 124
EMEA 124
ASIA 124
POINT SENSORS BY REGION 124
TABLE 46 APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF POINT SENSORS BY
REGION, THROUGH 2017 ($ MILLIONS) 125
AMERICAS 125
EMEA 125
ASIA 125
CHAPTER NINE: COMPANY PROFILES
TABLE 47 SUPPLIERS BY REGION 126
ACORN ENERGY 127
US SEISMIC SYSTEMS (USSS) 127
AITHER ENGINEERING 128
AVANTES BV 128
AVANTES USA 128
AVANTES CHINA 128
AVENSYS 129
BAKER HUGHES 129
CONTRINEX SA 130
DAVIDSON INSTRUMENTS 130
MAQUET CARDIOVASCULAR LLC 131
DICON FIBEROPTICS 131
GLOBAL FIBEROPTICS INC 131
ENDOSENSE SA 132
FIBERPRO GROUP 132
FIBERSENSING 132
FORTEBIO 133
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC (FOX-TEK) 133
HALLIBURTON 134
SENSORTRAN 134
WELL DYNAMICS 134
HALMA GROUP 135
OCEAN OPTICS 135
LABSPHERE 135
HITACHI CABLE, LTD 135
HONEYWELL SENSING AND CONTROL 136
NTELLIGENT FIBER OPTICS SYSTEMS (IFOS) 136
KEYENCE 136
KVH TECHNOLOGIES 137
LIOS TECHNOLOGY 137
LUMASENSE 138
LUNA INNOVATIONS 138
LXDATA 138
MICRON OPTICS 139
NEOPTIX 139
NORTHROP GRUMMAN NAVIGATION SYSTEMS DIVISION 139
NORTHROP GRUMMAN LITEF GMBH 140
ALSTOM GRID CURRENT TRANSFORMER 140
O/E LAND 141
OMRON 141
OPSENS 142
OPTELLIOS 142
OPTI MEDICAL 143
OZ OPTICS 143
PRIME PHOTONICS 143
ROCTEST GROUP 144
FISO TECHNOLOGIES SUBSIDIARY 144
SMARTEC SA SUBSIDIARY 144
SABEUS SENSOR SYSTEMS 145
SAMBA SENSOR SYSTEMS 145
SCHLUMBERGER 145
SENSORNET LTD 146
SENSOTEC GMBH 146
SHANGHAI LANBAO SENSOR CO, LTD 146
SILICANN TECHNOLOGIES 147
SMARTER SECURITY SYSTEM 147
WEATHERFORD INTERNATIONAL LTD 147
WENZHOU STORD ELECTRIC CO, LTD 148
YOKOGAWA ELECTRIC 148
ZIEBEL AS 148
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