Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Progress Review covers technical developments in electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles as well as industry and financial news related to the development of this market sector. No hybrid vehicle (HV), no hybrid plug-in electric hybrid (PHEV), no fuel cell (FC) vehicle, or the so-called pure electric vehicle (EV) and no traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle is going to operate without a battery of some type. The place to look at the developments in practically zero emission vehicles is battery improvements and chemistries. Under consideration are the so-called secondary or rechargeable batteries.
 
Even if consumers have bought only an advanced lead-acid (Pb-acid) battery for their vehicles, they already know that batteries cost a sizeable amount of money. This standard type of battery was invented about 1859 and has been undergoing improvements every since. This chemistry remains the choice for automobiles for starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) applications. Compared to any other vehicle battery chemistry the lead acid battery is low in cost and tolerant to overcharging, and can be left on trickle charge for prolonged periods of time. Suppliers are available worldwide and it is the world’s most recycled product. There are also a list of downsides to this chemistry including being heavy and bulky, and requiring storage in a charged state to avoid deterioration of the chemicals.
 
A sealed lead-acid battery for an ICE might cost as little as $20 or over $200. A couple of these lead acid batteries in the mid-price range will run a golf cart just fine. If you rent a cart, at the end of your round an attendant will plug in the cart to recharge. If you own a cart you take it home and plug it into a suitable socket at your home. The golf cart and the “neighborhood” (NEV) “scooter” car are available and have been for some time. Thus we already have electric vehicles that are operational. The downside them is that they are mostly not certified for highway or street driving. There are still plenty of gasoline powered golf carts along with used golf carts and what are called a “rough terrarian carts” on the courses and in neighborhoods. The down side might be that the tax credit has expired. Prices vary widely but may start at around $1,000. A street legal version might be in the $8,000 range, running up to $14,000 or more for a street certified electric utility truck or an enclosed fancy version of a golf cart. For the super eco-friendly consumer, a solar panel roof kit for a golf cart costs about $2,000.
 
Electric vehicles have to compete by price and performance, although style and durability are still part of the equation. For the basic hybrid with almost zero emissions there is the fully functional and reliable Prius getting about 50 mpg in the 2010 priced from $22,800 to fully loaded with all the options at $28,000. Space-wise the Prius is smaller than a Lexus SUV hybrid but has all the other features except for heated seats and electric seat adjustments. 
 
The new hybrid plug-in Prius gets about 60 mpg and only the clever can calculate the cost of the electricity to charge a plug-in hybrid (PHEV) in their own particular area and if desired convert that into costs related to miles per gallon. Electrical rates vary all over the country. Go to the Energy Information Administration (www.eia.doe.gov) to get rates in your own state or area. In Texas, electrical rates vary widely over different parts of the state. The price of the 2011 Lexus RX hybrid starts at over $44,000 and gets 28 mpg on the highway and about 32 mpg in the city. Lexus does not (yet) offer a luxury plug-in model. Usually, hybrid vehicles get better mileage in city stop and go traffic situations than on the highway.
 
This is a sample of the competition over which newer technologies must show improvements, and surpass in cost and efficiency. The economics must make sense to the buyer as 2010 is a recession economy. Tax incentives may or may not lure “middle America” into buying an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid or fuel cell or plug-in hybrid vehicle. Middle America will buy these new generation modes of transportation when they look like and feel like the “other vehicles” with which they are familiar, and the economics must make sense. Such vehicles should not rely on government incentives or subsidies. The first hurdle for mainstream America to accept these alternative energy concepts for transportation is the high battery cost for EVs. This Review begins with reporting on batteries. Progress has been made throughout 2010.
 
NEXT GENERATION BATTERIES
 
Some fuel cell powered large vehicles such as buses have had great success. The hydrogen tanks fit neatly on the roof and are covered with a neat plastic dome that may start to look like a NASCAR vehicle with all the sponsors buying a logo. The exact route of a bus is known. Thus fuel/hydrogen consumption can be precisely measured. Full tanks of hydrogen can be easily replaced and there is no need for off-site refueling stations.  
 
Around the world automobile makers are looking to reduce the high cost of the giant battery packs an electric car will have. Micro hybrid stop-start systems reduce fuel consumption and emissions by shutting off a car’s internal combustion engine as the vehicle slows and then seamlessly restarting the engine when the driver engages the clutch or touches the accelerator. The large battery packs that EVs need may account for more than half the cost of the vehicle. Government proponents of the EV along with industry gurus believe that once the EV “catches on” there will be a rapid decrease in battery prices. That might not happen as battery packs needed to run an EV may not enjoy the traditional economics of scale price reductions that are expected.
 
The electronic components of the EV battery might not decline appreciably and the metals used in producing the battery may or may not remain steady. DOE wants EV car batteries to come down in costs by 70% by 2014. That is a worthy goal and one worth pursuing, if feasible for the battery manufacturer. Several reports place the Nissan’s Leaf EV battery as costing $15,600. Leaf vehicle pricing is expected to be at least $33,000. Advanced battery advocates believe that through mass-production the battery units will be less. A big “if” remains as to the cost of the necessary metals, nickel, manganese and cobalt. Lithium supplies seem to be available at the moment and not as much lithium is required for a lithium-ion battery. The battery pack enclosure cost remains high but developments may find a way around that. The electronic controls and sensors for the battery pack may have already reached their basement level with little more in price reduction to be expected.
 
The nickel metal hydride battery back that operated the first Prius and the Insight saw a 50% price reduction with large-scale production. Car manufacturers may approach some of these pricing issues by offering generous warranty coverage on the advanced battery pack.
 
There remains a global component to the EV and parts market. There are some high margin niches still open, and component suppliers are helping to create new forms of hybrid and pure EV components. Still open to optimal development are energy harvesting options, from solar cells on vehicles, to thermoelectric harvesting from engine and exhaust in hybrids. Japan is the leader in the global picture for hybrid and electric vehicles, but India and Korea are stepping into the market. China has the largest potential market for EVs, and joint ventures and other types of partnerships are becoming popular. There are new and interesting routes into fund raising. How to overcome commercial, political and technical barriers remain topics of interest.
 
INFRASTRUCTURE
 
Lack of infrastructure is often cited as a barrier to more rapid EV adaption. Progress is being made. California is no longer the only state where public car charging stations have come from $130 million in DOE grants. Electricity producer NRG Energy, Inc. (www.nrgenergy.com/) in Baytown, Texas is planning to build the first privately funded comprehensive EV charging system to give drivers of electric vehicles the range and freedom they desire. This won’t start until 2011, but it is a follow on to the many infrastructure and component developments of 2010.

Houston will be the first city to get the comprehensive network of public charging stations. The hope is to expand to the 13 states that have deregulated their retail electricity markets. Such building will be accomplished through GreenMountain Energy Co. which NRG Energy purchased in November 2010 for $350 milion in cash. NRG wants to define the space of charging stations. To do this there are several plans in play. There are three subscription plans to be offered by NRG and each is for 3 years. For $49 a month customers get a home charger and will pay for their own electricity. Customers will have access to the public charging stations but will pay a price for using them. For $79/month customers get a home charger and pay will their own electricity bill, but will have unlimited free access to the public charging units. For $89/month customers get a home charger, access to all public charging stations, and NRG pays for all the electricity that is consumed.
 
That is the plan and no stations will be installed until 2011. Nissan dealers will offer these plans to early buyers of its EV Leaf. NRG is negotiating with other auto makers. Still under discussion are the installations of standard 240 volt Level 2 chargers and the super fast 480 volt Level 3 chargers that manufacturers claim will charge a car battery in half an hour.   Good points for charging include Best Buy, Walgreens and several regional grocery chains such as HEB. The section on infrastructure and components of this Review has more of what happened during 2010.
 
Achieving compliance with legislative requirements for transportation alternative fuels can be difficult. Turning alternative fuels and alternative vehicles into affordable transportation will require a lot of attention to providing a steady stream of supplies and components. Different fueling and charging locations will require electricity, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, natural gas) or hydrogen.
 
SAMPLE OF THE ALTERNATIVE VEHICLES
 
LEAF
 
A quick look at the EVs that have been discussed during 2010 shows the Nissan Leaf. Years ago Nissan had a great EV design but the only place it could be charged was at home with its purpose-built Nissan charger.   Times change and there is a glimmer of hope for public charging stations for use while drivers work or shop. Leaf boasts a range of 100 miles on a single charge of its lithium ion batteries. Negotiations are in progress by Nissan to partner with companies for charging stations. The price is expected to be somewhere in the $23,000+ range.
 
VOLT
 
General Motors originally tried to push the Chevrolet Volt a “pure” electric vehicle. It does have a lithium ion battery pack that runs for about 40 miles and then a gasoline engine kicks in that is claimed to take you another 400 miles. In essence, this is a version of the “serial” hybrid.
 
Exact cost is unknown as the federal tax incentives are in doubt. Price range is between $30,000 and $40,000.
 
FOCUS
 
Ford has at one time or another leased some technology from Toyota and continued its own R&D. The 2011 Focus if expected to be an EV with a battery that will take it 100 miles. By 2012 Ford wants to have a plug in hybrid on the road.
 
CONNECT VAN
 
Ford wants to have its EV version of the Transit Connect van on the road for 2011. The detail released is that it expects 100 miles on a lithium ion battery.
 
KARMA
 
The Fisker Karma I is a plug-in hybrid. It’s sort of like a Prius with a big battery pack and can be recharged from a wall outlet.   There is the backup gas engine for longer trips. Beautifully designed, this gets you into the $87,000 and up price range. Fisker got a $529 million DOE loan to build its line of HPEVs.
 
THINK CITY CAR
 
Imagine a vehicle that looks like the Smart car from Daimler. Its history traces back through Ford to Norway and a hook up with Ener1 as the battery supplier. Pricing is reported as a little less than $20,000 without batteries and using the expected federal tax credit. Some assembly is required as it needs batteries.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION . 1
NEXT GENERATION BATTERIES  2
INFRASTRUCTURE  3
SAMPLE OF THE ALTERNATIVE VEHICLES  4
LEAF . 4
VOLT . 5
FOCUS  5
CONNECT VAN . 5
KARMA . 5
THINK CITY CAR 5

CHAPTER TWO: BATTERIES
MULTI-YEAR BUS BATTERY SUPPLY AGREEMENT . 6
INCREASING DEMAND FOR ULTRACAPACITOR STORAGE
SYSTEMS  6
FIGURE 1 MAXWELL TECHNOLOGIES BMOD0165-48.6V
ULTRACAPACITORS . 7
MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK MARKET BEST FIT FOR
BATTERY  8
FIGURE 2 ACTACELL LITHIUM-ION BATTERY . 9
PRODUCTION FACILITY IN FRANCE . 9
IOXUS ACQUIRES ADVANCED ENERGY CONVERSION . 10
SOLID STATE BATTERY R&D IS FUNDED . 10
SOLID STATE BATTERY R&D IS FUNDED (CONTINUED) . 11
NANOPHOSPHATE LITHIUM-ION FOR NAVISTAR EV ALLIANCE . 12
LITHIUM-ION EV BATTERY MANUFACTURING PROCESS
RECEIVES GRANT . 12
DOE GRANT TO FUND CRITICAL BATTERY MATERIAL  13
NICKLE-MANGANESE-COBALT CATHODE JOINT VENTURE . 13
LITHIUM-ION CONTRACT FOR APPLIED NANOTECH HOLDINGS  14
LITHIUM-ION CELLS PASS RIGOROUS TESTING  15
METHANOL-BASED AND ON-BOARD BATTERY CHARGER . 15
VENTURE TO DEVELOP ARGENTINE LITHIUM PROJECT  16
HYBRID NANOMATERIAL FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES . 17
ANGSTRON MATERIALS RECEIVES GRAPHENE PRODUCTION
GRANT . 18
HEAVY DUTY VEHICULAR ULTRACAPACITOR . 19
AXION POWER AND LEAD-BASED LOCOMOTIVE BATTERY
STATUS . 19
SION POWER TO DEVELOP LITHIUM-SULFUR EV BATTERIES . 20
FORD FOCUS’ ELECTRIC SUPPLIER IS COMPACT POWER . 21
A123 SYSTEMS SUPPLY AGREEMENT WITH NAVISTAR . 22
ULTRACAPACITOR PATENT TO CUT PHEV COSTS, HELP
BATTERIES . 22
ULTRACAPACITOR PATENT TO CUT …(CONTINUED)  23
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY FOR MARINE PROPULSION SYSTEMS  24
PIONEERING AUTOMOTIVE-TO-SMART GRID INTEGRATION
PROJECT IN JAPAN  25
ENERDEL TO INVEST IN LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PLANT  26
NEW CAPITAL FOR ENER1 . 27
SUPPLYING BATTERIES FOR JAPANESE ELECTRIC BUS DEMO  27
QUANTUM’S LETTER OF INTENT WITH FISKER AUTOMOTIVE  28
SONATA HEV TO USE LITHIUM POLYMER BATTERIES  29
SONATA HEV TO USE LITHIUM POLYMER …
(CONTINUED)  30
SILICON-CARBON NANOCOMPOSITES FOR EV BATTERIES  31
SILICON-CARBON NANOCOMPOSITES … (CONTINUED) . 32
GRANT FOR SILICON CATHODE R&D  33
JOINT VENTURE TO DEVELOP ARGENTINE LITHIUM PROJECT . 34
IZIP EXPRESS ELECTRIC BIKE . 35
FIGURE 3 CURRIE TECHNOLOGIES IZIP EXPRESS . 36
SUPPORT FOR SCIB BATTERY . 36
FIGURE 4 TOSHIBA SUPER CHARGE ION BATTERY . 37
TABLE 1 SPECIFICATIONS OF TOSHIBA’S BATTERY PACKS . 38
CELGARD EXPANDS IN NORTH CAROLINA . 38
GM TO MASS PRODUCE LITHIUM-ION EV BATTERIES . 39
POWERCUBE BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR
SMART GRIDS  40
OM GROUP TO ACQUIRE EAGLEPICHER TECHNOLOGIES  41
BOLIVIA TO BEGIN LITHIUM-ION EV BATTERIES . 42
RICARDO AND QINETIQ RED-LION EV BATTERY PROGRESS  43
FIGURE 5 RED-LION BATTERY . 44
ERRA ACQUIRES RIGHTS AND PATENTS TO YESS BATTERY
SYSTEM . 45
FIGURE 6 ERGENICS HY-STOR BATTERY (PREDECESSOR TO
YESS) . 46

CHAPTER THREE: INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS 
GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EV CHARGING . 47
FIGURE 7 WITRICITY EV CHARGER  47
INVERTER FOR ONBOARD POWER APPLICATIONS . 48
HYDRIDES HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGY JOINT
VENTURE . 48
CONTROLLER FOR WHEELTUG AIRCRAFT ELECTRIC DRIVE  49
FUNDING FOR BALANCE HYBRID ELECTRIC DRIVE TRAIN
SOLUTION  50
DC-LINK CIRCUIT POWER CAPACITY CHIP . 51
BUS AND VAN HEV ORDERS  52
UNIQUE SOUNDS FOR EV AND HEV SAFETY  53
DOE APPROVAL FOR $60.2 MILLION FOR EV MOTORS  54
PROJECT TO UNDERSTAND LONG-TERM COST OF
POWERTRAINS  55
ADOPTING DASSAULT SYSTÈMES V6 PLM SOLUTION  56
CAPSTONE TO SUPPLY HYBRID ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM TO
TATSA  57
HYDROGEN FUEL CELL BUS . 58
FUEL CELL HEV DEMO IN BRITISH COLUMBIA . 59
EV INFRASTRUCTURE BLUEPRINT FOR SAN DIEGO  59
EV INFRASTRUCTURE BLUEPRINT … (CONTINUED) . 60
HELPING POWER APTERA MOTORS EV  61
DYNETEK ANNOUNCES KOREAN JOINT VENTURE WITH
SEJUNG CO. . 62
ALL-ELECTRIC ZE DRIVE SYSTEM OFFERINGS EXPAND . 63
PORTFOLIO OF HIGH-END EV AND HEV AUTOMOTIVE
PLASTICS  63
PORTFOLIO OF HIGH-END EV AND HEV … (CONTINUED)  64
ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS AGREEMENT . 65
QUICK EV CHARGER SALES  66
FIGURE 8 QUICK EV CHARGER  66
FIGURE 9 NISSAN CHARGER SPECIFICATIONS . 67
SMITH ELECTRIC VEHICLE ORDERS ENOVA DRIVE SYSTEMS  67
UQM TECHNOLOGIES’ 200 KW MOTOR/GENERATOR SYSTEM  68
TABLE 2 UQM TECHNOLOGIES’ MOTORS/GENERATORS . 68
CHINA’S RARE EARTH EXPORT RESTRICTIONS . 69
GM INVESTS IN ELECTRIC MOTORS AND HYBRID
COMPONENTS CAPACITY . 70
GM-ALLISON HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEMS  71
ULTRACAPACITOR CELLS WITH HIGHER POWER DENSITIES . 72
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO OPTIMIZE EV CHARGING . 72
SOUTH KOREAN WIRELESS EV CHARGING. 73
SEVEN SPEED TRANSMISSION DEBUTED . 74
EMI SHIELDING OPTIMIZED FOR VEHICLE USE . 75
POTENTIAL LONG-TERM ELECTRIC MOTOR SUPPLY . 76
HOME-CHARGING STATIONS FOR NISSAN’S LEAF  77
DEVELOPING BAY AREA EV CHARGING NETWORK  77
SOLID STATE HYDROGEN STORAGE STATUS . 78
SOLID STATE HYDROGEN STORAGE … (CONTINUED) . 79

CHAPTER FOUR: HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
ARMY’S FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLE PROGRAM  80
HYBRID CLANDESTINE EXTENDED RANGE VEHICLE . 81
TRUGREEN BUYS HYBRID ELECTRIC TRUCKS  82
MICHIGAN PLANTS TO ASSEMBLE HEV BATTERY PACKS  83
SERIAL PRODUCTION OF HYBRID BUSES UNDERWAY  84
FIGURE 10 VOLVO HYBRID DOUBLE DECKER BUS . 85
NEXT-GENERATION COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS HYBRID
TRANSIT BUSES  85
BATTERY-DOMINANT EFFICIENCY GAINS  86
OPTIMAL ENGINE PLATFORM . 86
DRAMATIC EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS  86
LONG LIFE ENERGY STORAGE  86
FIGURE 11 ISE HYBRID DRIVWE SYSTEM . 87
CAYENNE SPORT-UTILITY VEHICLE HEV . 88
FEDERAL SCHOOL BUS STIMULUS FUNDS . 89
EXPANDING NYC HYBRID BLACK CAR FLEET  89
EXPANDING NYC HYBRID BLACK CAR FLEET
(CONTINUED)  90
DOE LISTING FOR TYRANO CLASS 8 TRUCK . 91
FIGURE 12 VISION TYRANO  91
MILITARY HYBRID-ALTERNATIVE DIESEL FUEL ENGINE
SYSTEMS  92
AZURE DYNAMICS BALANCE HYBRID ELECTRIC SALES
PROGRESS  93
SOME VOLT OWNERS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE HOME CHARGING
STATIONS . 94
EPA IDENTIFIES MOST FUEL-EFFICIENT AMERICAN LUXURY
SEDAN . 95
HYBRID ELECTRIC DRIVE SOLUTIONS  96
PAICE PATENT SETTLEMENT WITH TOYOTA AND FORD  97
TUGBOAT HYBRID TO GET A SISTER BOAT . 98
CALIFORNIA HYBRID PROGRAM TO OFFER MILLIONS IN
INCENTIVES  99
COMMERCIALIZATION AGREEMENT FOR BATTERY SYSTEMS  99
HONDA CR-Z HEV ON SALE IN JAPAN  100
PRODUCTION VERSION OF 2011 HONDA CR-Z SPORT HYBRID
COUPE . 101
U.S. PREMIUM COMPACT HEV READY BY 2011 . 102
U.S. PREMIUM COMPACT HEV … (CONTINUED)  103
INTRODUCTION OF 2011 LINCOLN MKZ HYBRID LUXURY
MIDSIZE  104
SUV HYBRID EVS HIT 5.5 BILLION MILES TRAVELED  104
FIGURE 13 LEXUS CT 200H . 105
FORD PLANS EV AND HYBRID MODELS FOR EUROPE BY 2013  106
MAZDA DELIVERS PREMACY HYDROGEN RE HYBRID . 107
FIGURE 14 MAZDA PREMACY HYDROGEN RE HYBRID  108
TABLE 3 MAIN SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MAZDA PREMACY
HYDROGEN RE HYBRID  109
VOLKSWAGEN SHOWCASES HYBRID CONCEPT CAR  109
FIGURE 15 VOLKSWAGEN NEW COMPACT COUPE  110
TOYOTA PRIUS FAMILY  111
2011 PRIUS ENHANCEMENTS . 112
TOYOTA SHOWCASES COMPACT HYBRID CONCEPT. 113
FIGURE 16 TOYOTA FT-CH  114
HEV TAXI INTRODUCED IN SEOUL . 114
HEV TAXI INTRODUCED IN SEOUL (CONTINUED)  115

CHAPTER FIVE: PLUG-INS
IS NOW THE TIME FOR A CHINESE ELECTRIC NETWORKEDVEHICLE? 116
FIGURE 17 EN-V CONCEPT VEHICLE  117
IS NOW THE TIME FOR A CHINESE …(CONTINUED)  118
COMPANY FOCUSED ON ENABLING WIDESPREAD ADOPTION
OF EVS  119
BYD AND RWE COLLABORATE ON EVS  120
HERTZ CHAIRMAN COMMITS TO EV MOBILITY PLATFORM . 121
NEXT GENERATION ALL-ELECTRIC WALK-IN VAN . 122
NEXT GENERATION ALL-ELECTRIC … (CONTINUED)  123
POSTAL SERVICE ZERO EMISSIONS ELECTRIC DELIVERY
VEHICLE . 124
BALTIMORE ELECTRIC COMPONENTS FACILITY  124
TESLA AND TOYOTA WILL JOINTLY DEVELOP EVS  125
FORD TRANSIT CONNECT ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL VAN . 126
ONSTAR APPS VIA GOOGLE FOR VOLT USERS . 127
EQUINOX CONVERSION TO FULL ELECTRIC DEBUTS . 128
LEASE A LEAF, LEASE A LEAF BATTERY . 128
ESTAR PURPOSE-BUILT ALL-ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL TRUCK . 129
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS PREFER HOME EV
CHARGER . 130
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS …(CONTINUED)  131
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS …(CONTINUED)  132
SMART CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE COLLABORATION . 133
ZINC AIR FUEL CELL POWERED TRUCKS DEBUTED IN KOREA . 133
FIGURE 18 LEO E-PORTER  134
ENTERPRISE RENT-A-CAR TO OFFER EVS . 135
PLANNED VOLT PRODUCTION INCREASE . 135
INDEPENDENT ALL ELECTRIC SUV DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENT  136
PLUGGABLE HYBRID TERMINAL TRACTOR (PHETT)  137
PRIUS PHEVS BEGIN U.S. DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM  137
PRIUS PHEVS BEGIN U.S. … (CONTINUED) . 138
PORSCHE HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC SPORTS CARS . 139
RELATIONSHIP FOR GENERAL MOTORS AND BRIGHT
AUTOMOTIVE  140
HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY TO FUEL TRANSIT BUSES . 141
HYDROGEN REVENUE DUE TO FEDERAL CLEAN ENERGY
PROGRAMS . 141
HYDROGEN REVENUE DUE TO FEDERAL …(CONTINUED) . 142
THINK PUBLISHES U.S. EV-READY CITIES  143
FIGURE 19 THINK CITY  143
TABLE 4 THINK EV-READY CITIES INDEX . 144
POSTAL SERVICE WILL RECEIVE ZERO EMISSION DELIVERY
VEHICLE . 144
EV IMPACT ON UK GRID . 145
EV IMPACT ON UK GRID (CONTINUED)  146
RECOVERY ACT SUMMAY OF EV SMALL BUSINESS BENEFITS  147
LEAF PURCHASE PROCESS AND MARKETING  148
FORD TRANSIT CONNECT ELECTRIC HAS VAN PLAN  149
FIGURE 20 2010 FORD TRANSIT CONNECT . 150
UQM TECHNOLOGIES HAS NEW PRESIDENT AND COO . 151
KIA MOTORSAMERICA RAY PHEV RAY PHEV . 151
FIGURE 21 KIA RAY . 152
TABLE 5 KIA RAY SPECIFICATIONS  153
CADILLAC SHOWCASES XTS PLATINUM CONCEPT . 153
FIGURE 22 CADILLAC 2010 XTS CONCEPT  154
TABLE 6 CADILLAC XTS PLATINUM CONCEPT SPECIFICATIONS . 155
VOLVO CARS TAKES ON EV SAFETY CHALLENGES  155
VOLVO CARS TAKES ON EV … (CONTINUED)  156
VOLVO CARS TAKES ON EV … (CONTINUED)  157

CHAPTER SIX: FUEL CELL VEHICLES
LANDFILL GAS TO FUEL FC VEHICLES  158
SUPPORT FOR FUEL CELLS IN MATERIAL HANDLING
INDUSTRY  158
SUPPORT FOR FUEL CELLS IN …(CONTINUED)  159
PALLET TRUCK DESIGNED FOR FUEL CELL  160
REFUELING STATION EXPLOSION  161
HIGH PRESSURE HYDROGEN COMPRESSOR TECHNOLOGY  161
VISION INDUSTRIES AND TEXAS, INC. . 162
INNOVATIVE CHP CONCEPT FOR EVS  163
ALLIANCE SUPPLIES HYDROGEN FOR FUEL CELL FORKLIFTS  164
RESTRUCTURING IN MATERIAL HANDLING MARKET . 164
OAHU HAS HYDROGEN TO POWER MORE FUEL CELL
VEHICLES . 165
LITHIUM BERYLLIUM METAL HYDRIDES JOINT VENTURE . 166
PLUG POWER AND BALLARD EXTEND SUPPLY AGREEMENT  167
TEST RESULTS ON ZINC AIR FUEL CELL RANGE EXTENDER . 167
MICROCAB WILL SOURCE FUEL CELLS FROM SERENERGY . 168
FUEL CELLS 2000 TOP FUEL CELL STATES . 168
HYDROGEN FUELING AT DEFENSE WAREHOUSES  169
HYDROGEN FUELING AT … (CONTINUED) . 170
HYDROGEN FUEL CELL TRUCK AGREEMENT  171
RIVERSIMPLE FUEL CELL VEHICLE . 171
RIVERSIMPLE FUEL CELL VEHICLE (CONTINUED). 172
RIVERSIMPLE FUEL CELL VEHICLE (CONTINUED). 173
FIGURE 23 RIVERSIMPLE FUEL CELL VEHICLE . 174
CANADIAN GOVERNMENT TO ADVANCE FUEL CELL POWER
MODULE . 175
LOS ANGELES FUEL CELL VEHICLE REFUELING STATION . 176
VEHICLE FUEL CELL TO SHRINK IN SIZE, WEIGHT, AND COST  177
SENATOR WHO WON FUNDING FOR HYDROGEN FC VEHICLES
TO RETIRE  178
TOYOTA EXPANDS FUEL CELL VEHICLE DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAM . 178
FUEL CELL LOCOMOTIVE SWITCHER JOINTLY DEVELOPED  179
BALLARD SUPPLY AGREEMENT WITH DAIMLER  180
NAVISTAR INVESTS IN AMMINEX TECHNOLOGY  180
INTRODUCTION OF CHEVROLET VOLT TO BEGIN IN
CALIFORNIA  181
BATTERY CONSORTIUM SEEKS PROPOSALS FOR EV/PHEV
BATTERY  182
NREL EVALUATES HYBRID-ELECTRIC VAN PERFORMANCE  183
NREL EVALUATES HYBRID-ELECTRIC … (CONTINUED) . 184

CHAPTER SEVEN: INDUSTRY NEWS
ELECTRIFICATION COALITION ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY
TABLE 7 COALITION POLICY COST SUMMARY  186
FUEL SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS ACQUIRES EVOTEK  186
REPORT ON RECOVERY ACT VEHICLE INVESTMENTS  187
REPORT ON RECOVERY ACT … (CONTINUED) . 188
FIGURE 24 FORECASTED COST OF A TYPICAL ELECTRIC-VEHICLE
BATTERY . 189
FIGURE 25 FORECASTED WEIGHT OF A TYPICAL ELECTRICVEHICLE
BATTERY . 190
FIGURE 26 EXPECTED LIFETIME OF A TYPICAL ELECTRICVEHICLE
BATTERY . 191
NEAH AND INDIA’S EKO VEHICLES TO EXPLORE MERGER  191
X PRIZE FOUNDATION PARTNERS WITH MOREY CORP.  192
TOYOTA ADDING AUSTRALIA AS NEW SUPPLY BASE  192
UQM TECHNOLOGIES GETS A U.S. DOE REIMBURSEMENT  193
ELECTRIC MOTORCARS LLC SEGMENT LEADER . 193
RMD SELECTS ELEMENTARY DESIGN FOR ITS VEHICLE
FRAMEWORK . 194
BRAMMO SELECTS FLEXTRONICS AS MANUFACTURING
PARTNER  194
QUANTUM INTRODUCES NEW WEBSITE . 195
TRANSACT ENERGY’S JOINT VENTURE REAPS A PURCHASE
ORDER . 195
U.S. VEHICLES WILL SOON REQUIRE FUEL ECONOMY LABELS . 195
FIGURE 27 PROPOSED UPDATED EPA AND NHTSA INFORMATION
LABELS  196
FIGURE 27 (CONTINUED) . 197
GENERAL AUTOMOTIVE VENTURE WITH TAICHI AUTOMOTIVE  197
INDUSTRY PARTICIPATES IN SENATE BRIEFING ON FUEL
CELLS  198
ALLIANCE BETWEEN EATON, IBM, AND OTHER TECHNOLOGY
LEADERS  199
ALLIANCE BETWEEN EATON, IBM, AND …(CONTINUED) . 200
REGULATIONS MAY LEAD TO GREATER CHANGE IN AUTO
INDUSTRY  201
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL COMMITTEE ANNUAL REPORT  202
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL … (CONTINUED)  203
POSSIBLE PARTNERSHIP FOR BIGHT AUTOMOTIVE  204
STRATEGY BOARD INVESTING IN FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN
R&D  205
CHINA TMK BATTERY SYSTEMS COMPLETES REVERSE
MERGER  206
CODA AUTOMOTIVE SELECTS GOODNESS MFG AS
ADVERTISING AGENCY OF RECORD TO LAUNCH ALLELECTRIC
CAR  206
CFX BATTERY CHANGES NAME TO CONTOUR . 207
RENAULT-NISSAN ALLIANCE AND DAIMLER AG STRATEGIC
COOPERATION  207
COLLABORATION IN PRODUCING FORD’S TRANSIT CONNECT . 208
CHANGZHOU ESTABLISHES NEW ENERGY VEHICLES
INDUSTRIAL PARK . 209
U.S. DOE FUEL CELL STACK PROJECT AWARDS  209
DOE ISSUES FEDERAL FLEET MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE  210
DOE ISSUES FEDERAL FLEET … (CONTINUED)  211
CONTEST FOR ELECTRIC/DIESEL HYBRID SPORTS SEDAN  212
ENER1 RECEIVES COMMITMENT FOR EQUITY INVESTMENT  212
CHINESE LITHIUM-ION EXPERT JOINS POWERGENIX TEAM  213
MAGNA INFORMATION REGARDING POTENTIAL BATTERY
INVESTMENTS  213
MAGNA PLAN OF ARRANGEMENT COMPLETED . 214
BIPARTISAN ELECTRIC DRIVE VEHICLE DEPLOYMENT ACT OF
2010  214
DOE GRANT TO PRODUCE CRITICAL BATTERY MATERIAL . 215
TOYOTA CUMULATIVE HEV SALES TOP 2.68 MILLION UNITS  215
TABLE 8 TMC HYBRID VEHICLE SALES . 216
ISE FILES FOR CHAPTER 11 BANKRUPTCY PROTECTION . 216
ISE REDUCES HEADCOUNT TO CONSERVE CAPITAL . 217
NIDEC TO ACQUIRE EMERSON’S MOTORS AND CONTROLS
BUSINESS . 217
LONG TERM EC MOTOR SUPPLY AGREEMENT  218
GERMANY MARKS ERA FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND FUEL
CELL INDUSTRY . 219
JOHNSON CONTROLS Q1 2010 REVENUES INCREASE 15%  220
AZURE DYNAMICS CLOSES EQUITY INVESTMENT BY JOHNSON
CONTROLS . 221
STRATEGIC DIRECTION, PLANT CLOSING FOR PROTONEX  221
EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES LAUNCHES SOUTH AMERICAN
OPERATION  222
ECOTALITY FINANCIALS AND STATUS  223
XEBEC AND NUVERA SIGN MULTI-YEAR SUPPLY AGREEMENT  224
DOW KOKAM SELECTS CLAYCO AS BATTERY CONTRACTOR . 225
NEAH POWER FINANCIALS MAY BE READY FOR AMEX FILING  225
NEAH POWER FINANCIALS MAY BE READY …
(CONTINUED)  226
DELAWARE POTENTIAL SITE FOR NEXT GENERATION
AUTOMAKING . 227
GM DELAWARE PLANT PURCHASE FINALIZED  227
DOE SUMMARIZES ELECTRIC VEHICLE SMALL BUSINESS
BENEFITS . 227
DOE SUMMARIZES ELECTRIC VEHICLE … (CONTINUED) . 228
QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES 2010 THIRD QUARTER FINANCIALS  229
ENER1 Q4 AND YEAR-END 2009 FINANCIALS  230
PROTERRA TO LOCATE FACILITY IN SOUTH CAROLINA . 231
NISSAN TO RECEIVE $1.4 BILLION DOE LOAN FOR LEAF EV . 232
RENAULT-NISSAN FORMS ZERO-EMISSION VEHICLE
PARTNERSHIP . 233
LITHIUM BATTERY SUPPLIER FOR WHEEGO . 234
A123 SYSTEMS EXPANDS PRODUCTION AND A BATTERY
AGREEMENT  234
DENSO BATTERY MONITORING UNIT FOR LITHIUM-ION EV
BATTERIES . 235
JV FOR ZERO-EMISSION ELECTRIC SCOOTERS AND
MOTORCYCLES . 235

CHAPTER EIGHT: BRIEFLY NOTED
HIGH DENSITY BATTERY/FUEL CELL POWER FOR ELECTRIC
BICYCLES . 236
“GREEN CARAVANING” FUEL CELL POWER GENERATION
PARTNERSHIP . 236
CONNECTICUT GETS HYDROGEN STATIONS AND FUEL CELL
VEHICLES . 236
PLUGGABLE HYBRID TERMINAL TRACTOR PROJECT
COMPLETED  237
NIPPON AVIONICS HYBRID BATTERY TAB WELDING MACHINE . 237
PEAK POWER’S ELECTRIC BIKE DEBUTS  238
SAAB AUTOMOBILE AND AAM FORM E-AAM DRIVELINE
SYSTEMS  238
SUPPLYING ELECTRIC BUS PROPULSION SYSTEMS  238
BOB PURCELL NAMED CHAIRMAN AND CEO OF PROTEAN
HOLDINGS  239
PLUG IN CAROLINA SELECTS PUBLIC EV REFUELING VENDOR . 239
LEGISLATION TO EXPAND EXISTING TAX CREDIT TO
FORKLIFTS . 240
DEMO FULLY ELECTRIC WALK-IN VAN . 240
SAN FRANCISCO TO TEST PHEV AND CHARGING SYSTEMS . 241
NISSAN LEAF ORDER SPECIFICATION PHASE BEGINS  241
LEO MOTORS DEVELOPS CONVERSION KIT FOR ONE TON
TRUCK . 242
DAIMLER AG AND BYD CO. JOINT VENTURE CONTRACT  242
GREEN TECHNOLOGY PATENTS DOMINATE GM 2009 FILINGS . 242
LEO MOTORS COMPLETES MOUNTAIN DRIVING TEST  243
FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN PPP DEVOTES 180 MILLION
EURO . 243
CLIPPERCREEK TO UPGRADE EV INFRASTRUCTURE IN
CALIFORNIA  244
EATON ADVANCES INTEGRATED SOLAR EV CHARGING
STATION . 244
EVCARCO’S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TRADEMARKS . 244
FUEL CELL HYBRID ELECTRIC DEBUT  245
COMMERCIAL USE OF ELECTRIC SCOOTER EXPECTED  245
DISTRIBUTION CENTER LIFT TRUCKS GET 25 GENDRIVE FUEL
CELLS  245
NEAH POWER TO BUILD ENGINE IN THAILAND  246
CELGARD EXPANDS LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SEPARATOR
CAPACITY . 246
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR LARGE FORMAT LITHIUM-ION
BATTERIES . 246
FIELD TRIAL PROGRAM FOR PLUGLESS POWER . 247
NO HEV PRODUCTION FOR REVIVED MISSISSIPPI PLANT  247
AZURE DYNAMICS SELLS 24 BALANCE HYBRID ELECTRIC
BUSES . 247
BATTERY-DRIVEN LOCOMOTIVE PROJECT PROGRESSES . 248
FUEL CELL HYDROGEN PURITY CERTIFICATION . 248
A123 PRODUCT DESIGN AND CERTIFICATION . 248
BRIGHT AUTOMOTIVE HIRES NEW COO  249
PANASONIC GIVES FIRST ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY TO
TESLA  249
TESLA MOTORS AND TOYOTA MOTOR TO DEVELOP RAV4 RV . 250
FISKER AUTOMOTIVE AWARDED $529 MILLION LOAN  250
FORD FUSION HYBRID ENGINE COVER . 250
VISION INDUSTRIES FUEL CELL TRUCK SELECTED FOR PORT
OF LA . 250
MILITARY CONTRACT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE-FORMAT
LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES  251
CHARGEPOINT NETWORKED CHARGING STATION  251
VOLT PASSES PRODUCTION MILESTONE  251
TABLE 9 CHEVROLET VOLT’S PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATIONS  252
MARKETING VICE PRESIDENT FOR NISSAN’S LEAF . 253
HOME EV CHARGING DEAL . 253
GROUND BREAKING FOR JACKSONVILLE LITHIUM-ION PLANT . 253
LIMOUSINE AND CORPORATE TRAVEL GO GREEN . 254
WORKING TOGETHER FOR LONG-RANGE ELECTRIC SERVICE
TRUCKS . 254
DURABILITY MILESTONE WITH TRANSIT BUS FUEL CELL
SYSTEM . 254
AUXILIARY POWER UNIT COUPLED WITH MIXIM EV CONCEPT  255
AIR LIQUIDE COMPLETES SHELL HYDROGEN FUELING
PROJECT . 255