ITO is widely used as the material for transparent electrodes in a diverse range of electronic devices including LCD panels, plasma display panels (PDP), touch panels, e-paper, solar cells and organic electroluminescent (EL) panels. Markets for ITO and its replacements are forecast to 2016.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1   Introduction                                           1-1

Chapter 2   ITO and Its Replacements ­ Preparation and             2-1
            Characterization
2.1         Introduction                                           2-1
2.2         Supply and Demand of Indium                            2-4
2.2.1       Indium Production                                      2-11
2.2.2       Indium Price Evolution                                 2-15
2.3         Transparent Conducting Oxides                          2-16
2.3.1       Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)                                 2-19
2.3.2       Coated ITO                                             2-20
2.3.3       Zinc Oxide                                             2-20
2.3.4                                                              2-25
            Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO)
2.3.5       Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide (AZO)                        2-26
2.3.6       Tin Oxide                                              2-28
2.4         Transparent Conductive Polymers                        2-29
2.4.1       Overview                                               2-29
2.4.2       Applications                                           2-31
2.4.3       Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)               2-33
2.4.4       Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT: Poly(styrene   2-33
            sulfonate) PSS
2.4.5       Poly(4,4-dioctylcyclopentadithiophene)                 2-34
2.5         Carbon Nanotubes and Nanomaterials                     2-35
2.5.1       Advantages                                             2-38
2.5.2       Preparation of CNT thin films                          2-39
2.5.3       Comparing CNTs to TCOs                                 2-42
2.6         Wire                                                   2-43
2.6.1       Ag Wire                                                2-45
2.6.2       AG Wire Ink                                            2-45
2.7         Toxicity Issues                                        2-46

Chapter 3   Deposition Methods And Equipment                       3-1

3.1         Introduction                                           3-1
3.2         PVD                                                    3-15
3.3         Laser ablation                                         3-16
3.4         Electric-arc Discharge                                 2-17
3.5         CVD                                                    3-18
3.6         MOCVD                                                  3-22
3.7         Spray Pyrolysis                                        3-23
3.8         Pulsed Laser Deposition                                3-24
3.9         Reactive PVD                                           3-26
3.10        Inkjet                                                 3-26

Chapter 4   Applications                                           4-1
4.1         Introduction                                                   4-1
4.2         Flexible Displays                                              4-1
4.2.1       ITO-Coated Plastic                                             4-2
4.2.2       Flexible Alternatives to Plastic                               4-3
4.2.3       E-Paper and ITO Alternatives                                   4-4
4.3         Flat-Panel Displays                                            4-8
4.3.1       LCD Displays                                                   4-8
4.3.2       Plasma Displays                                                4-10
4.3.3       OLED Displays                                                  4-12
4.4         Lighting                                                       4-15
4.4.1       OLED Lighting and ITO                                          4-15
4.4.2       EL Lighting                                                    4-18
4.5         Photovoltaics                                                  4-19
4.5.1       Thin-Film Silicon PV                                           4-23
4.5.2       Crystalline PV                                                 4-27
4.5.3       Organic PV                                                     4-28
4.6         Touch-Screen Displays                                          4-29
4.6.1       ITO and Resistive Touch Screens                                4-29
4.6.2       ITO and Capacitive Touch Screens                               4-32

Chapter 5   Market Forecast                                                5-1

5.1         Introduction                                                   5-1
5.2         Driving Forces                                                 5-2
5.3         Forecasts by Application                                       5-3
5.3.1       Flexible Displays                                              5-9
5.3.2       Flat-Panel Displays                                            5-12
5.3.3       Lighting                                                       5-14
5.3.4       Photovoltaics                                                  5-17
5.3.5       Touch-Screen Displays                                          5-19

Chapter 6   Company Profiles

                             List of Tables

2.1         Indium: World Refinery Production, Reserves and Reserve Base   2-14
2.2                                                                        2-27
                            Properties Of Conductive Oxides

2.3                                                                        2-30
                        PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTIVE Polymers

2.4                                                                        2-44
                       PROPERTIES OF Silver Electrode Materials

3.1                                                                        3-2
                       Results Of Various Tco Deposition Methods


5.1                                                                        5-6
                        Forecast Of Ito Targets And Substitutes
5.2                                                                    5-10
          Forecast Of Transparent Electrodes For Flexible Displays


5.3                                                                    5-13
         Forecast Of Transparent Electrodes For Flat Panel Displays


5.4                                                                    5-16
              Forecast Of Transparent Electrodes For Lighting


5.5                                                                    5-18
           Forecast Of Transparent Electrodes For Photovoltaics
5.6                                                                    5-20
       Forecast Of Transparent Electrodes For Touch- Screen Displays


      Figures
2.1   Properties Of ITO/AZO Structure                                  2-24
2.2   Panel Structure Of Electronic Paper                              2-32
5.1   ITO Target Market                                                5-4
5.2          Ito Target Shares By Geographic Region                    5-7
5.3                                                                    5-8
      ITO As Percentage Of Transparent Conductor Market