Among the many subsets of nanomaterials, quantum dots (QDs) are like no other. At dimensions typically below 10 nanometers (nm), nanocrystalline (nc) semiconductors (SC), metals, and magnetic materials can all exhibit extraordinary quantum confinement phenomenon.   Basically, at these dimensions, their physical size encroaches upon the fundamental quantum confinement dimensions of orbiting electrons that are uniquely prescribed by their atomic nucleus. Within the regime of these critical dimensions, QDs exhibit distinctly different behavior from their bulk form, which manifests itself, for example, in distinctly different optical, electronic, and magnetic properties.

Today, scientists can precisely synthesize nanocrystalline materials at these critical dimensions and thereby systematically tune their quantum confining behavior.   As a result, there is currently enormous interest in exploiting and capitalizing on the unique properties exhibited by QD materials.   As a harbinger for future business developments, colloidal QD-bioconjugates are among the first wave of commercial product applications stimulating market interest.   Primarily, these have quickly established a niche market in the life sciences and biomedical communities, where they provide unrivalled cellular imaging and therapeutic detection capabilities.   Other promising prototype developments of SC QDs now on the commercial-horizon include: a new generation of flash memory devices; nanomaterial enhancements for improving the performance of flexible organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as well as solid-state white-LED lighting; and a core technology used in flexible solar panel coatings.
 
With these impending commercial developments and their enormous business potential, this report provides a timely assessment of quantum dot materials—where they currently are, and where they might be in the foreseeable future.
 
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
 
The primary objective of this report is threefold: (1) to assess the current state-of-the-art in synthesizing QDs; (2) to identify the current market players seeking to exploit QD behavior; and (3) to evaluate actual or potential markets in terms of application, type, and projected market revenues.
 
SCOPE OF REPORT
 
Since their simultaneous discovery in Russia and the U.S. almost 30 years ago, SC QDs, until quite recently, have resided exclusively in the domain of solid state physics, where they have been fabricated using expensive and sophisticated molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment.   However, in a relatively short time frame this situation has changed dramatically with the recent commercial availability of colloidal QDs synthesized by less expensive wet-chemical processes. Practically, the availability of QDs in a colloidally dispersed form will help demystify these somewhat esoteric materials.   Most importantly, colloidal-QDs now provide access to a much broader audience, which promises to further widen their potential market exploitation.
 
Current and future applications of QDs impact a broad range of industrial markets.   These include, for example, biology and biomedicine; computing and memory; electronics and displays; optoelectronic devices such as LEDs, lighting, and lasers; optical components used in telecommunications; and security applications such as covert identification tagging or biowarfare detection sensors.
 
This report probes in considerable depth the early pioneers and champions in this field both in industry, government, and academic laboratories.   The most active organizations, promising technical applications, and developments realizable within the next 5 years, will all be highlighted.
 
INTENDED AUDIENCE

This report represents a major update of the report (NAN027B) Quantum Dots: Technologies and Commercial Prospects, published in September 2008. The most significant revisions in the new edition include:
 
•An extensive updated patent analysis (2008 to 2010)
•An in-depth assessment of the unfolding commercial markets
•Progress in the synthesis and commercial scaleup by QD producers
•Updated company profiles of the producers and end users dictating market development
•Updated 5-year market projection analysis of the emerging QD market

This is the third exclusive report to focus on QD nanomaterials from the perspective of their technology, applications, and future business prospects. Thus, this up-to-date technical assessment and business analysis should prove an especially valuable resource to individuals and organizations seeking more insight into the current status of QDs, their stand-alone capabilities within the spectrum of nanomaterials, and time-to-market commercial development. The report’s comprehensive technical and business assessment on the current status of the QD-based industry should prove informative to nanomaterials manufacturers, investors seeking near-term commercialization opportunities, technologists confronted with nanomaterial device integration issues, and companies specifically interested in exploiting QDs in biological, biomedical, electronics, energy, optics, optoelectronics, and security applications.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT

•An in-depth assessment of the unfolding commercial markets for quantum dot (QD) technology
•Analysis of global market trends, with data from 2009, estimates for 2010, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2015
•A focus on the current and future applications of QDs and how they affect a broad range of industrial markets, including biology and biomedicine; computing and memory; electronics and displays; optoelectronic devices such as LEDs, lighting, and lasers; optical components used in telecommunications; and security applications such as covert identification tagging or biowarfare detection sensors
•Discussion of progress in the synthesis and commercial scale-up by QD producers
•Updated company profiles of the synthesizers and end users dictating market development
•An extensive and updated patent analysis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 
MOTIVATION
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
SCOPE OF REPORT 
INTENDED AUDIENCE 
METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 
RELATED BCC REPORTS 
DISCLAIMER

CHAPTER TWO: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QUANTUM
DOTS IN PROMISING MARKET SECTORS, THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS) 
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QUANTUM
DOTS IN PROMISING MARKET SECTORS, 2009–2015 ($
MILLIONS) 

CHAPTER THREE: TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
WHAT IS A QUANTUM DOT? 
HISTORY OF QUANTUM DOTS 
TABLE 1 CHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF QDS: FROM
RESEARCH CURIOSITY THROUGH COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT, 1960S-2010 
PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS
FIGURE 1 LUMINESCENCE SIZE REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT
SEMICONDUCTOR AND METAL QUANTUM DOTS
TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF EMISSION WAVELENGTH OF SC AND
METAL NC QUANTUM DOTS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR SIZE
TABLE 3 OTHER PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS
QUANTUM DOT INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS AND STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QUANTUM DOTS
BASIC STRUCTURES
TABLE 4 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: BASIC
STRUCTURES
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 
TABLE 5 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
TABLE 6 QD MATERIAL TYPES AND THEIR COMMERCIAL
APPLICATIONS 
TABLE 7 KEY QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGIES AND
APPLICATIONS 
PATENT ANALYSIS 
QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) AND DEVICE
ASSEMBLY
SYNTHESIS OF METAL CHALCOGENIDE QUANTUM DOTS
VAPOR PHASE
TABLE 8 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: VAPOR PHASE
Aerosol Drop Method
Melt Atomization
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Physical Vapor Deposition 
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
LIQUID PHASE (“WET” COLLOID CHEMISTRY)
TABLE 9 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: LIQUID PHASE
Colloid 
Batch Process 
Continuous Flow
Precipitation
SOLID PHASE
TABLE 10 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: SOLID PHASE
SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON QDS
LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS
TABLE 11 VARIOUS METHODS USED FOR SI-NC SYNTHESIS 
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) 
SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS 
VAPOR-PHASE SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS AND QDS 
SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE … (CONTINUED)
TABLE 12 VARIOUS SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL
BEHAVIOR OF METAL-NCS
SYNTHESIS OF CARBON QUANTUM DOTS
ASSEMBLY OF QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURES
TABLE 13 QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY METHODS
LITHOGRAPHY
Conventional Top-Down Methods
Nanolithography 
FILM FORMATION
Cast Film 
Langmuir-Blodgett 
Layer-by-Layer 
Metamaterials 
Biomolecular Self-Assembly 
Photopatternable Arrays
OTHER TECHNIQUES
Digital Printing 
Nanoporous Templates
Nanoporous Templates (Continued) 

CHAPTER FOUR: PATENT ANALYSIS
RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY
RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY (CONTINUED)
U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE (USPTO) SEARCH
CHRONOLOGICAL GROWTH TRENDS IN USPTO ACTIVITY
FIGURE 2 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED, 1986–JUNE 29, 2010
(CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 3,124) 
FIGURE 3 COMPARISON OF U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED AND
PENDING, 2001–2010* CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 2,881 (ISSUED);
7,225 (PENDING) 
USPTO ACTIVITY CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATION SECTOR
FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN (%) FOR THE MAIN
INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS EMERGING FROM QDPATENTS
ISSUED (2008–JUNE 29, 2010) (%)
FIGURE 4 (CONTINUED)
TABLE 14 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND EXEMPLARY
APPLICATIONS EMERGING FROM ISSUED U.S. QD-PATENTS,
2008–2010
FIGURE 5 RELATIVE TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
SECTORS FOR ISSUED U.S. QD-PATENTS FOR THE PERIOD,
1998–2010 (%) 
FIGURE 6 U.S. VERSUS FOREIGN QD PATENTS ISSUED (2008–
JUNE 29, 2010): CLASSIFIED BY APPLICATION SECTOR TOTALS:
905 (U.S.), 292 (FOREIGN)
FIGURE 6 (CONTINUED)
USPTO ACTIVITY: ASIAN, EUROPEAN, AND OTHER
COUNTRIES
FIGURE 7 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN
COUNTRIES, FOR THE PERIOD 2008–JUNE 29, 2010 TOTALS:
ASIA (173), EUROPE (92), ROW (24)
FIGURE 8 U.S. QD FILED PATENTS ASSSIGNED TO FOREIGN
COUNTRIES, 2008–JULY 1, 2010
USPTO ACTIVITY: SMALL U.S. COMPANIES
TABLE 15 LEADING U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE
PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008–JULY 1, 2010 
TABLE 16 OTHER U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED MULTIPLE
PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008–JULY 1, 2010 
USPTO ACTIVITY: LARGE U.S. COMPANIES
TABLE 17 LEADING U.S. LARGE BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE
PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008–JULY 1, 2010
TABLE 17 (CONTINUED)
USPTO ACTIVITY: U.S. ACADEMIC, GOVERNMENT, OTHER
INSTITUTIONS 
TABLE 18 U.S. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE
PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008–JULY 1, 2010 
TABLE 19 U.S. GOVERNMENT AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS
GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY,
2008–JULY 1, 2010 
USPTO ACTIVITY: ACCORDING TO FOREIGN OWNERSHIP
Asia
TABLE 20 LEADING JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED
MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008–JULY
1, 2010
TABLE 21 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN OTHER ASIAN
COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS IN QD-RELATED
TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 
Europe 
TABLE 22 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND OTHER
COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS IN QD-RELATED
TECHNOLOGY, 2008–JULY 1, 2010
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) 
Rest of the World
TABLE 23 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN REST OF THE WORLD
COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS IN QD-RELATED
TECHNOLOGY, 2008–JULY 1, 2010
IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT FUNDED RESEARCH ON
PATENT ACTIVITY
TABLE 24 MAJOR U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FUNDING QDBASED
RESEARCH
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY (NIST)
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF)

CHAPTER FIVE: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE
ANALYSIS 
QUANTUM DOT PRODUCERS
WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS 
TABLE 25 CURRENT PRODUCERS OF COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS
(CQDS) 
American Dye Source, Inc.
American Elements
Bayer Technology Services GmbH 
Evident Technologies
Evident Technologies (Continued)
TABLE 26 EVIDENT TECHNOLOGIES QUANTUM DOT GRADES
TABLE 27 RECENT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS AT EVIDENT
TECHNOLOGIES 
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 
Hanwha Nanotech Corporation
Innovalight, Inc. 
Life Technologies Corporation 
Life Technologies … (Continued) 
Life Technologies … (Continued) 
Life Technologies … (Continued) 
Life Technologies … (Continued) 
Melben 
Nanoco Technologies, Ltd.
Nanoco Technologies, Ltd. (Continued)
Nanosquare Company Ltd.
NN-Labs, LLC 
NN-Labs, LLC (Continued) 
NN-Labs, LLC (Continued) 
Ocean NanoTech LLC
PlasmaChem GmbH 
QD Solution
Reade Advanced Materials
Selah Technologies, LLC
Vive Nano, Inc.
Vive Nano, Inc. (Continued)
Voxtel Inc. 
SOLID STATE-BASED SYNTHESIS
TABLE 28 U.S. LARGE CORPORATIONS INTERESTED IN SOLIDSTATE
SYNTHESIS OF QDS BASED ON PATENT ANALYSIS, 2008–
2010*
COMMERCIAL QD-BASED APPLICATION PLATFORMS 
TABLE 29 PROPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL QD-BASED PRODUCT
APPLICATION PLATFORMS 
TABLE 29 (CONTINUED) 
NANOSYS INC.
Nanosys Inc. (Continued)
Nanosys Inc. (Continued)
TABLE 30 NANOSYS’ LATEST QD-FOCUSED BUSINESS
DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 31 NANOSYS’ EARLIER NANOMATERIALS-BASED
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS, 2005-2008
FOREIGN COMPETITION IN QUANTUM DOTS 
WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS 
SOLID-STATE–BASED SYNTHESIS 
TABLE 32 LEADING ASIAN COMPANIES CURRENTLY DEVELOPING
SOLID-STATE–BASED, QD-BASED DEVICES
TABLE 33 EUROPEAN AND OTHER FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS
CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN COMMERCIALLY DEVELOPING
SOLID-STATE QD–BASED DEVICES 
DRIVING FORCES IMPACTING QD INDUSTRY 
SPECIALTY AND POTENTIAL FOR COMMODITY QD
APPLICATIONS
SOLAR ENERGY
IMPORTANT FACTORS NURTURING GROWTH 
DEVICE FABRICATION
TOP-DOWN IN SITU LITHOGRAPHIC FABRICATION
BOTTOM-UP ASSEMBLY
Solid State Synthesis
Wet Colloid Synthesis 
BUILDING OF QUANTUM DOT DEVICES
TABLE 34 PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DEVICE FABRICATION
PARADIGMS FOR COLLOIDAL-QDS
TABLE 35 RECENT DEVICE FABRICATION DEVELOPMENTS FOR
COLLOIDAL-QDS
CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FACING THE QD INDUSTRY
TABLE 36 MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THE
COLLOID QD INDUSTRY
NANOTOXICITY
TABLE 37 RECENT R&D STUDIES IN THE NANOTOXICOLOGY OF
QD SYSTEMS 
RoHS Directive 
Non-toxic QD systems
TABLE 38 RECENT R&D IN NON-TOXIC QD SYSTEMS 
PRODUCTION SCALE-UP OF QDS
Production Scale-up of QDs (Continued) 
SURFACE CHEMICAL PASSIVATION
TRADE PRACTICES/REGULATORY ISSUES AND INFORMATION
REGULATORY ISSUES 
TABLE 39 RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN NANOMATERIALS SAFETY
AND IMPENDING REGULATION 
Toxicity Studies
Environmental Studies
GREEN CHEMISTRY 
EVOLUTIONARY STAGE OF INDUSTRY 
COLLOIDAL QDS 
Colloidal QDs versus Epitaxial QDs

CHAPTER SIX: MARKETS BY APPLICATION 
TABLE 40 COMMERCIALLY PROMISING SECTORS WITH FIRSTGENERATION
OR PROTOTYPE QD-BASED PRODUCTS 
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE
BIOTECHNOLOGY 
BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS
TABLE 41 ADVANTAGES OF QUANTUM DOTS AS BIOLOGICAL
LABELS 
BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS (Continued)
TABLE 42 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD BIOLABEL
SYNTHESIS, 2001—2003 
QD-TAGGED MICROBEADS
LIVE CELL IMAGING 
Live Cell Imaging (Continued) 
MOLECULAR SPECIES DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION
TABLE 43 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD
BIOTECHNOLOGY, MOLECULAR SPECIES
DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION, 2001–2003
TABLE 43 (CONTINUED) 
ANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENTS METHODS
TABLE 44 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD BIOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS ON ANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENT METHODS,
2001–2003
TABLE 44 (CONTINUED) 
SENSOR AND MICROARRAY APPLICATIONS 
TABLE 45 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS ON SENSOR AND MICRO-ARRAY
APPLICATIONS, 2001–2003
MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
Commercial Organizations 
TABLE 46 COMPANIES LEADING QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS BASED ON U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY, 2005–2008
TABLE 46 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 47 COMPANIES LEADING QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS BASED ON U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY, 2008–
OCTOBER 28, 2010
TABLE 47 (CONTINUED)
Academic Organizations 
TABLE 48 THE MOST ACTIVE UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN QDBIOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S.
PATENTS ISSUED, 2005–2007
TABLE 49 LEADING UNIVERSITIES AND HOSPITALS INVOLVED IN
QD-BIO/MEDICAL APPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S.
PATENTS, 2008—OCTOBER 28, 2010
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 
COMPANY PROFILES—BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Affymetrix, Inc.
Amnis Corporation 
Applera Corporation
Biocrystal Ltd.
Clinical Micro Sensors, Inc./Osmetech Molecular
Diagnostics
Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
Genoptix, Inc.
Helicos BioSciences Corporation
Illumina, Inc.
Intel Corporation
Integrated Raman Bioanalyzer System
MEMS-Based Hydrodynamic Focusing
LI-COR Incorporated
Luminex Corporation
Nanosphere, Inc. 
Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc.
U.S. Genomics, Inc.
BIOMEDICINE
DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
TABLE 50 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S.
PATENTS: 2000–2004
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED)
MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
TABLE 51 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S.
PATENTS, 2005–2007
BIOPHARMACEUTICS
CANCER THERAPY AND DIAGNOSTICS
Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics (Continued)
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
Alverix, Inc.
Ventana Medical Systems, Inc.
DISEASE SCREENING
IMPLANTABLE DEVICES
Motorola Inc. 
IntrinsiQ Materials, Ltd
SURGICAL AIDS
Medical Instrumentation
Spectros Corporation
Photodynamic Therapy
Light Sciences Oncology, Inc.
Teledyne Lighting & Display Products 
ELECTRONICS
TABLE 52 NOVEL QD-BASED DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS IN
ELECTRONICS
TABLE 52 (CONTINUED)
LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL ELECTRONIC DEVICE
FABRICATION
Top-Down QD Electronic Device Assembly 
TABLE 53 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD
INTEGRATION USING CONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY, 1999–2004 
TABLE 53 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 54 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD
INTEGRATION USING CONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 
Bottom-Up QD Electronic Device Assembly—Molecular
Electronics 
TABLE 55 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD
INTEGRATION INTO UNCONVENTIONAL NANOELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY, 1999–2003 
TABLE 56 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD
INTEGRATION USING UNCONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 
TABLE 57 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN
UNCONVENTIONAL QD-BASED MICROELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY, 2008–2010 
QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND CRYPTOGRAPHY
Quantum Computing and Information Processing 
Quantum Cryptography 
Patent Activity in Quantum Computers and Quantum
Cryptography 
TABLE 58 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM
COMPUTERS, 1999–2004
TABLE 58 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 59 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM
COMPUTERS AND QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY, 2005–2007
TABLE 60 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM
COMPUTERS AND QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY, 2008–2010
D-Wave Systems Inc.
LTX-Credence Corporation
MagiQ Technologies, Inc. 
Qucor Pty. Ltd.
Toshiba Research Europe Ltd.
STORAGE/MEMORY DEVICES
TABLE 61 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY
DEVICES, 1999–2004
TABLE 61 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 62 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY
DEVICES, 2005–2007 
TABLE 62 (CONTINUED)
TABLE 63 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY
DEVICES, 2008–2010 
OPTOELECTRONICS 
DISPLAYS 
TABLE 64 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN DISPLAY
TECHNOLOGIES, 2005–2007 
TABLE 64 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 65 LATEST U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIESM, 2008–2010
3DIcon Corporation
Boeing Company
E Ink Corporation 
Eastman Kodak Company
Goldeneye, Inc.
Imaging Systems Technology 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA)
Microvision, Inc
Prysm, Inc.
QD Vision, Inc.
TABLE 66 BENEFITS OF QD-LEDS OVER OTHER DISPLAY
TECHNOLOGIES 
TABLE 67 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN QD VISION’S SOLID STATE
LIGHTING AND DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology 
Solexant Corporation
Superimaging, Inc. 
FLEXIBLE DISPLAY INDUSTRY
TABLE 68 PROFILE OF SOME EMERGING FLEXIBLE DISPLAY
MARKET PLAYERS 
TABLE 68 (CONTINUED) 
Complementary Fabrication Technology 
Ink-jet Printing
Mist Deposition
LASERS 
TABLE 69 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS 2005–2007 IN
LASERS AND LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG
U.S. ORGANIZATIONS 
TABLE 70 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LASER
DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG FOREIGN
ORGANIZATIONS, 2005–2007
TABLE 70 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 71 ORGANIZATIONS LEADING U.S. PATENT-BASED QD
DEVELOPMENTS IN LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES,
2008–2010
Finisar Corporation
Innolume GmbH 
TABLE 72 ADVANTAGES OF QD DIODE LASERS 
Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH
QD Laser, Inc. 
LEDS AND LIGHTING
TABLE 73 ROADMAP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SSL-LED
TECHNOLOGY/ LAMP TARGETS
TABLE 74 IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN GROWING WLED SSL
INDUSTRY
TABLE 75 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND
RELATED DEVICES AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2005–2007
TABLE 75 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 76 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND
RELATED DEVICES AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2005–
2007 
TABLE 76 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 77 ORGANIZATIONS LEADING U.S. PATENT-BASED QD
DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND LIGHTING APPLICATIONS, 2008–
2010 
Avago Technologies Limited
Evident Technologies, Inc. 
Global OLED Technology, LLC
Group IV Semiconductor Inc.
Kopin Corporation .
Los Alamos National Laboratory 
3M Company 
3M Company (Continued)
Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH
Philips Lumileds Lighting Company
Sandia National Laboratories
TABLE 78 PROPERTY COMPARISON OF COLLOIDAL QDS AND
CONVENTIONAL LED PHOSPHORS 
Sandia National Laboratories (Continued) 
Challenges Facing Solid-State LED Development 
TABLE 79 COLLOIDAL QD-BASED SOLID STATE WHITE LIGHTING:
ENABLING FEATURES AND FUTURE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES 
TABLE 79 (CONTINUED) 
YLX Corporation 
OPTICAL COMPONENTS
BACKGROUND
PATENT ACTIVITY
TABLE 80 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL
COMPONENTS AND RELATED DEVICES, 1999–2004
MORE RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY 
TABLE 81 RECENT U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN
OPTICAL COMPONENTS, 2005–2008 
TRACKDALE LTD. (U.K.)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING 
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND LAMBDA
INSTRUMENTS, INC.
LATEST PATENT ACTIVITY
TABLE 82 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT-BASED
QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL COMPONENTS, 2008–2010
SECURITY 
RATIONALE FOR QDS AS AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
QDs versus Organic Fluorescent Dyes
Market Drivers 
Counterfeiting
ORGANIZATIONS EXPLOITING QD-BASED SECURITY
TECHNOLOGY
TABLE 83 KEY ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN SECURITY
APPLICATIONS OF QDS OR COMPETITIVE MARKING
MATERIALS
MORE RECENT SECURITY APPLICATIONS
DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 84 QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS PATENTS, 2005–2008
TABLE 85 QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS PATENTS, 2008–2010
BioCrystal Ltd. 
Center for Forensic Studies
Digimarc Corporation
Evident Technologies
Honeywell International Inc. 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Nanosolutions GmbH
National Research Council of Canada
NCR Corporation
New Light Industries, Ltd.
Oxonica Inc/Nanoplex Technologies, Inc.
Oxonica Inc/Nanoplex … (Continued)
Life Technologies Corporation 
Spectra Systems Corporation
Veritec, Inc. 
BUSINESS PROGNOSIS OF THE SECURITY MARKET
TABLE 86 RECENT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES FOCUSING
ON NEW SECURITY DEVELOPMENTS
Market Size 
Digital Security Printing 
DVDs
Counterfeit Drugs
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 
CHEMICAL REACTION ENERGY CONVERSION 
SOLAR ENERGY
Organic Dye-Based Solar Cells
TABLE 87 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED DESIGNS
OVER CONVENTIONAL RIGID SOLAR CELL DESIGNS
Organic Dye-Based … (Continued) 
Organic QD-Based Solar Cells
TABLE 88 SOME ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER
ORGANIC DYES USED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS
Development of QD-Based Solar Cells .
TABLE 89 EARLY PLAYERS INVOLVED IN PATENTING AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF QD-ENHANCED SOLAR CELLS
TABLE 89 (CONTINUED)
Agfa-Gevaert
Harvard University
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Lund University
Nanosys Inc.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 
University of California 
University of Idaho
University of Rochester
More Recent Developments
TABLE 90 MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BY MAJOR PLAYERS
INVOLVED IN QD SOLAR CELLS AND COMPETITIVE
TECHNOLOGIES, 2005–2008 
TABLE 90 (CONTINUED)
Current Developments
TABLE 91 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS BY ACADEMIC AND
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS IN QD SOLAR CELLS, 2008–
2010 
TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) 
TABLE 92 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY OF MAJOR COMMERCIAL
PLAYERS INVOLVED IN QD-BASED SOLAR CELL APPLICATION,
2008–2010
TABLE 92 (CONTINUED) 
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION
TABLE 93 DEVELOPMENTS IN QD ENHANCEMENTS USED IN
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY (TE) CONVERSION, 2005–2008
TABLE 94 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN QD ENHANCEMENTS USED
IN THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY (TE) CONVERSION, 2008–2010 

CHAPTER SEVEN: MARKET ANALYSIS
QD COMMERCIAL PRODUCERS
LEADING COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS
U.S. Producers
TABLE 95 LEADING U.S. COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS, CURRENT
PRODUCT PORTFOLIOS, AND COMMERCIAL MARKET
APPLICATIONS
U.S. Producers (Continued) 
Foreign Producers
TABLE 96 FOREIGN COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS: CURRENT
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND COMMERCIAL MARKET
APPLICATIONS 
COMPARISON WITH SOLID STATE SYNTHESIZED QDS
TABLE 97 LEADING PROPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL SOLID STATE
QD-BASED PRODUCT APPLICATION PLATFORMS 
MAJOR PRODUCTION CHALLENGES 
TABLE 98 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING COMMERCIAL QD
PRODUCERS
TABLE 99 ANTICIPATED COMMERCIAL MARKET SECTORS FOR
QUANTUM DOTS AND PRODUCT OFFERINGS,2010—2015
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 
POTENTIAL MARKET SIZE 
EVOLUTION OF NC MATERIALS IN BIOLOGICAL
DETECTION
MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR QDS IN BIOLOGY
AND BIOMEDICINE 
Crystalplex Nanotech 
Cytodiagnostics, Inc.
Cytoptics Corporation 
Fio Corporation 
Lab21 Ltd/Selah Technologies, LLC
Life Technologies Corporation 
Life Technologies … (Continued) 
EMERGING MARKETS FOR SMALL NANOCRYSTALLINE
MATERIALS
Standalone Bioconjugate-QD Materials Market
TABLE 100 PREDICTED REVENUE GROWTH FOR BIOCONJUGATE
QDS, 2010–2015 ($ MILLIONS) 
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN MEMORY APPLICATIONS 
TABLE 101 QD AND OTHER FUTURE NANOMATERIALS-BASED
MEMORY ARCHITECTURES 
FLASH, THE MEMORY OF CHOICE 
Freescale Semiconductor Inc. 
Freescale Semiconductor Inc. (Continued)
OTHER NEAR-TERM COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Other Near-Term … (Continued) 
PROJECTED GROWTH IN QD-BASED MEMORY MARKET
FIGURE 9 TOTAL WORLWIDE FLASH MEMORY REVENUE GROWTH
PROJECTION 
TABLE 102 PROJECTED MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY
FREESCALE’S QD-BASED MEMORY PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2015
($ MILLIONS) 
HEWLETT-PACKARD 
IBM
MICRON TECHNOLOGY INC.
NANOSYS INC.
Nanosys Inc. (Continued)
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN (GERMANY)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES 
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
Other Foreign Competition
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN RIGID AND FLEXIBLE LED
WHITE LIGHTING AND DISPLAYS
RIGID LED WHITE LIGHTING
TABLE 103 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE
OF QDS IN SSL WLED TECHNOLOGY
North American Interests
Foreign Interests
FLEXIBLE LED LIGHTING
Market Prediction in LED lighting
Rigid LED lighting 
Flexible LED Lighting 
TABLE 104 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE QD-LED LIGHTING
REVENUES, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 
RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS
TABLE 105 MAJOR PERFORMANCE ISSUES CONFRONTING OLED
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND POTENTIAL ENHANCEMENTS
PROVIDED BY QDS 
Rigid and Flexible Displays (Continued) 
Rigid and Flexible Displays (Continued) 
Rigid and Flexible Displays (Continued) 
Market Prediction
Rigid Displays
LED Backlighting for Rigid Displays
LED Backlighting for Small Flexible Displays
TABLE 106 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAY
REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH
2015 ($ MILLIONS)
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 
DOPED FIBER OPTICS
LASERS 
Finisar Corporation
Innolume GmbH 
Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH
QD Laser, Inc.
OPTICAL COMPONENTS
Evident Technologies, Inc.
InVisage Technologies, Inc.
Siemens AG
Trackdale Ltd. 
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
PROJECTED GROWTH FOR QDS IN OPTICAL PRODUCTS 
Optical Telecommunications
Quantum Cryptography 
Portable Laser Projectors 
Cell Phone/Digital Camera Sensors 
TABLE 107 PROJECTED REVENUES FOR QD-BASED OPTICAL
TELECOMMUNICATION AND PORTABLE COMMUNICATION
DEVICES, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SECURITY APPLICATIONS 
TABLE 108 CLASSIFICATION OF COVERT QD SECURITY
APPLICATIONS BY MARKET SECTOR
TABLE 108 (CONTINUED) 
INITIAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
Life Technologies Corporation 
Voxtel Inc. 
Xerox Corporation
PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE QD-BASED SECURITY
MARKET
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY
INITIAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: ADDRESSING MAJOR
ISSUES 
TABLE 109 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE
OF COLLOIDAL QDS IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY
IMPENDING COMMERCIAL QD-BASED SOLAR PRODUCTS
Cyrium Technologies, Inc.
Cyrium Technologies, Inc. (Continued)
Innovalight, Inc. 
Innovalight, Inc. (Continued)
Natcore Technology, Inc.
QD Soleil, Inc. 
QuantaSol Ltd. 
Quantum PV 
Shrink Nanotechnologies, Inc.
Spire Corporation
Solexant Corporation
Solterra Renewable Technologies
COMPLEMENTARY DEVELOPMENTS IMPACTING QDSOLAR
CELLS
TABLE 110 COMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES SHAPING
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS
First-Generation: Bulk Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Second-Generation: Inorganic Thin Film Silicon Solar
Cells 
Third-Generation: Organic Thin Film Solar Cells
Third-Generation: … (Continued)
PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE QD-BASED SOLAR MARKET
Second-Generation: Inorganic Thin Film Silicon Solar
Cells 
Third-Generation: Organic Thin Film Solar Cells
TABLE 111 PROJECTED MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY QDBASED
SECOND- AND THIRD-GENERATION SOLAR CELL
PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OTHER ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES 
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION 
Thermoelectric Energy Conversion (Continued) 
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OTHER PROMISING
SECTORS
FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS
Flexible Electronics (Continued)
APPENDIX: ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNITS
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 
UNITS