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Robotics: Technologies and Global Markets

Price:
USD $4,850.00
ISBN/SKU #:
GB-ENG001B
Research Group:
BCC
Date of Publication:
April 2009
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Summary

Suddenly and unexpectedly the cost benefit equation that has historically driven the growth of the robotics industry, has become unbalanced. When industries see such rapid declines, the cause is typically an industry wide unwillingness to modernize in order to meet changing customer needs. Very much the opposite has happened with the robotics industry. Here is an industry that, by all appearances, has done everything correctly. Robot makers have introduced new products that meet customer needs.

They have repeatedly modernized to keep pace with changing platforms for integrating design and manufacturing, and they have produced higher quality robots that continue to labor years beyond their anticipated service life. Yet the industry’s growth has effectively flat lined, not once, but twice. The first time occurred after the 2001 terrorist attacks, and it happened again during 2008. The great paradox of the robotics industry is that this apparently failing patient has amazingly strong vital signs. An industry that was once grounded in a handful of highly specialized types of industrial and space robots has expanded to include new, commercially viable types of domestic and professional service robots, as well as military and security robots. 

This analysis describes the macro and micro developments that have begun to coalesce to produce a new era of sustainable growth that will propel the robotics industry to a greater than $21 billion worldwide market by 2014.

Robotics Technologies and global markets report aims to help those currently in, or preparing to enter, the robotics industry to take full advantage of emerging opportunities.

To that end, this report:

  • Identifies the causes of the sudden and sharp fall off in demand for robotics.
  • Describes the changes leading to recovery.
  • Identifies the most promising areas for robotics through 2014.
  • Forecasts global and country specific demand for six generic types of robots.

This market report views the robotics industry as presently divided into six types of robots defined by their application:

  • industrial robots
  • domestic service robots
  • professional robots
  • military robots
  • security robots and
  • space robots

Robotics: Technologies and Global Markets report recognizes the European Union’s ambitious attempt to establish uncontested leadership in robotics, through the creation of the European Robotic Platform (EUROP) funded jointly by businesses and government. Along these lines, Chapter Three: Common Concerns addresses all of the technical issues identified by EUROP’s working groups. This chapter is equally useful to U.S. and Japanese companies interested in further developing sales in European markets. This first study with product demand forecasts that reflect:

  • The collapse of capital funding for new robot purchases.
  • The collapse of consumer credit for the purchase of robot–made goods.
  • The World Bank’s downward adjustment of the gdp in India and China.
  • The effect of the 2009 U.S. economic stimulus package.

The study presents separate forecasts for the six types of robots, both worldwide and regionally, for the 5-year period between 2009 and 2014.
 
Robotics market report also examines the more than 40 common issues and enabling technologies that pertain to all six types of robots. In addition it provides profiles of all key players, as well as abstracts and assignment information for key robot patents issued in this century.
 
In short, this report provides a comprehensive package of information that can help business executives and policy makers better understand the many and very different ways in which the robotics world works.
 
By the end of the 20th century, robots had become as familiar a feature of the industrial landscape as the time clock. The industry itself appeared to be following a smooth trajectory of growth, filling an increasing demand from the industrial sector while generating new ideas for bringing more robots into the service sector. As a result of the attacks on September 11th 2001, it was assumed that the new demand for security robots would increase the demand for robots in all applications. In fact, a far more complex constellation of events occurred. Rather than the expected growth, the industry entered a period of decline. As it appeared to recover, the World Bank revealed it would be necessary to downwardly adjust previous baseline estimates of the GDP in India and Communist China.

The year that followed, 2008, saw regional collapses of credit for so–called big ticket consumer credit. In the U.S., changes in the tax laws that eliminated deductions for interest on traditional auto loans drove consumers to use second mortgages, or home equity loans, to purchase cars. When the mortgage crisis emerged and home equity financing collapsed, a decline in demand for car and light truck production followed, with predictable negative consequences for the robotics industry. Massive intervention by central banks around the world and a trillion dollar economic stimulus package, which was signed into law in late January 2009 have revived hopes of the industry’s recovery.

While the events that financially damaged the robotics industry played out, major changes were taking place in robotics technology. With the exception of military robots, the U.S. has slowed its efforts to advance the state of the art. Japan showed periodic bursts of activity, but little in the way of true technological advancement. More by default than design, leadership in robotics has now passed to European Union countries. As part of a periodic scientific review process, EU nations attempt to assess how science and technology can be put to greater public use. One of the potential needs is robots that are developed to work along side humans, not on assembly lines, but as domestic and professional assistants.
 
By the end of January, 2009, mechanisms were in place to restore business and consumer lending, the U.S. was about to see an injection of tax dollars to revive its economy, and the EU countries were in the final stages of preparing a roadmap for revitalizing the robotics industry that was decoupled from past dependence on industrial robots. In short, the critical elements capable of restoring the robotics industry were in place.
 
The robotics industry will continue to see a minimal growth through the first half of 2011, then enter a slow recovery for the balance of the forecast period, achieving a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4%, as it reaches slightly more than $21 billion by the end of the 2009 to 2014 forecast period.
 
In addition to its value to executives with firms that are presently manufacturing or purchasing robots and robotics components, Robotics: Technologies and Global Markets offers instructive insights for those considering adding industrial robots to their production line or using service robots to augment their skilled and unskilled work forces. Members of the academic and investment communities that are unfamiliar with the recent and rapid improvement in service robots will also find this study valuable, as will technology policy makers and analysts.
 
SCOPE AND FORMAT
 
After the Introduction and Summary chapters, the report includes:
 
Chapter Three: A Unique Machine presents a brief history of robotics, and the evolution of a common definition of robots as a distinct class of machine, separate from automated machine tools and automated vehicles.
 
Chapter Four: The Six Basic Types of Robots describes how the robotics industry has divided into six applications–driven domains: industrial robots, professional service robots, domestic service robots, military robots, security robots and space robots.
 
Chapter Five: Enabling Technologies examines the technology that is required by all six types of robots identified in the previous chapter.
           
Chapter Six: Factors Influencing the Demand for Robots describes events and considerations from outside the robotic area that will directly influence the demand for robots during the 2009–2014 forecast periods. Then this presentation is repeated, focusing on each of the six types of robots individually.
 
Chapter Seven: Robot Patent Analysis provides a unique insight into the past, present and future of robotics by looking at the types of patents issued for each of the major types of robots. In this chapter the six general types are further subdivided by major applications.
 
Chapter Eight: Robot Forecasts follows the same breakdown of industry divisions as in the original BCC study published in 2003, and reproduces the information presented in the previous five chapters in a new set of forecasts through 2014.
 
Chapter Nine: Industry Profiles identifies corporations and organizations that have played, or are currently playing, a significant role in advancing the quality of what is referred to as “state of the art”.
 
ROBOTS NOT INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT
 
This report excludes software applications known as Internet robots, automated machine tools, and machines commonly referred to as intelligent assist and cybernetic devices that amplify, or otherwise enhance or regulate, human muscle movements.

This Report:

  • Provides market forecasts, through 2014, for robotics technologies in various market sectors, from manufacturing to consumer applications.
  • Thoroughly defines all sectors of the robotic industry.
  • Defines current and emerging technologies.
  • Covers traditional applications as well as the path-breaking: medical laboratories, construction, hazardous waste removal and home security.
  • Examines environmental, economic and regulatory issues impacting the robotics industry, as well as major robotic-related research and patent activity.
  • Provides a strategic overview of the regional and global marketplace for robotic technologies.
  • Profiles major robotic manufacturers, research institutions and related patents.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter-1: SUMMARY

SUMMARY
SUMMARY TABLE WORLDWIDE DEMAND FOR ROBOTS, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
SUMMARY FIGURE WORLDWIDE DEMAND FOR ROBOTS, BY TYPE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS)

Chapter-2: A UNIQUE MACHINE

A UNIQUE MACHINE
TABLE 1 ROBOT HALL OF FAME INDUCTEES
POPULAR VIEWS OF ROBOTS
PROFESSIONAL VIEWS OF ROBOTS
DISTINCTION BETWEEN AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS
DE FACTO U.S. DEFINITION OF A ROBOT
EVOLUTION OF A GLOBALLY HARMONIZED DEFINITION
TABLE 2   NATIONS SETTING THE ISO ROBOTIC STANDARDS (BY STATUS)

Chapter-3: THE SIX BASIC TYPES OF ROBOTS

THE SIX BASIC TYPES OF ROBOTS
SIX TYPE DIVISION
TABLE 3   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY COMPONENT, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 4   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 5   NORTH AMERICAN DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 1 NORTH AMERICAN DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 6 EUROPEAN UNION DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 2 EUROPEAN UNION DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 7 ASIAN DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 3 ASIAN DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 8   REST OF THE WORLD’S DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 4 REST OF THE WORLD DEMAND FOR ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, BY TYPE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS)
DEMAND FOR WHOLE ROBOTS
TABLE 9   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR WHOLE INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS, BY SPECIALIZATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 10   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR WHOLE DOMESTIC SERVICE ROBOTS, BY SPECIALIZATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 11 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR WHOLE PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOTS, BY SPECIALIZATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 12   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR WHOLE MILITARY ROBOTS, BY SPECIALIZATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 13   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR WHOLE SECURITY ROBOTS, BY SPECIALIZATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 14   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR WHOLE SPACE ROBOTS, BY SPECIALIZATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
HARMONIZATION WITH THE 2003 BCC ROBOT STUDY (ENG001A)
TABLE 15   INDUSTRIAL ROBOT HARMONIZATION
TABLE 16 DOMESTIC SERVICE ROBOT HARMONIZATION
TABLE 17 PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOT HARMONIZATION
TABLE 18 MILITARY ROBOT HARMONIZATION
TABLE 19   SECURITY ROBOT HARMONIZATION
TABLE 20   SPACE ROBOT HARMONIZATION
DEMAND FOR SPECIALIZED TYPES OF ROBOTS
INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS
TABLE 21   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
DOMESTIC SERVICE ROBOTS
TABLE 22   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SPECIALIZED DOMESTIC SERVICE ROBOTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOTS
TABLE 23   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SPECIALIZED PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
MILITARY ROBOTS
TABLE 24 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SPECIALIZED MILITARY ROBOTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
SECURITY ROBOTS
TABLE 25   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SPECIALIZED SECURITY ROBOTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
SPACE ROBOTS
TABLE 26   GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SPACE ROBOTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)

Chapter-4: ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGIES
ACTUATION
ADAPTATION
AUTONOMY
CALIBRATION
COGNITION
COLLISION AVOIDANCE
CONFIGURATION
CONTROL
DEPENDABILITY
END EFFECTORS, GRIPPERS, AND DEXTEROUS HANDS
HUMAN–ROBOT INTERFACES
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
LEARNING
LOCALIZATION
LOCOMOTION
MANIPULATION
MATERIALS
MECHATRONICS
TABLE 27 MECHATRONICS EDUCATION PROGRAMS (BS, MS, CERTIFICATION OR COURSEWORK)
MISSIONS, TASKS AND PROCESSES
MOTION CONTROL
NAVIGATION
PERCEPTION
POWER MANAGEMENT
ROBOT–ROBOT INTERACTION
ROBUSTNESS
SAFETY
TABLE 28   GLOBAL SAFETY–RELATED EXPENDITURES FOR ROBOTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
SENSING
SENSORS
SENSOR FUSION
STANDARDIZATION
TABLE 29 ISO TC 184/SC 2 ROBOTS AND ROBOTIC DEVICE STANDARDS (IN PLACE AS OF JAN 15, 2009, LISTED CHRONOLOGICALLY FROM OLDEST TO MOST RECENT)
TABLE 30 ISO TC 184/SC 2 ROBOTS AND ROBOTIC DEVICE STANDARDS AND PROJECTS UNDER PERIODIC REVIEW (IN PLACE AS OF JAN 15, 2009, LISTED CHRONOLOGICALLY FROM OLDEST TO MOST RECENT)
TABLE 31 WITHDRAWN ISO ROBOTS AND ROBOTIC DEVICE STANDARDS AND PROJECTS (IN PLACE AS OF JAN 15, 2009, LISTED CHRONOLOGICALLY FROM OLDEST TO MOST RECENT)
TABLE 32   ISO STANDARDS AND PROJECTS RELATED TO, BUT NOT CATEGORIZED AS, ROBOTS OR ROBOTIC DEVICES
SWARMS AND NETWORKS
TELEPRESENCE AND TELEROBOTICS
VISION

Chapter-5: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEMAND FOR ROBOTS

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEMAND FOR ROBOTS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND ROBOT SALES
FIGURE 5 BASELINE RELATIONSHIP OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOT SALES AND MANUFACTURING GROSS OUTPUT FROM 1979 TO 2001 (U.S.) (UNITS, $ MILLIONS)
FACTORS INFLUENCING ALL SIX TYPES OF ROBOTS
THE ONGOING FINANCIAL CRISIS
U.S. SHIFTS FOCUS OF ROBOTICS RESEARCH TO THE MILITARY
TABLE 33 CHANGES IN RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC AND PUBLIC–PRIVATE FUNDING SOURCES, 2003-2014 (%)
EUROPE COORDINATES ITS ROBOTIC RESEARCH
FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND FOR INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS
PLUMMETING AUTO SALES
COMPOSITES WILL LESSEN THE NEED FOR WELDING ROBOTS
FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND FOR DOMESTIC SERVICE ROBOTS
JAPAN’S DOMESTIC AND PROFESSIONAL ROBOTIC INITIATIVES
TABLE 34   JAPAN’S DOMESTIC SERVICE ROBOT INITIATIVE
TABLE 35 JAPAN’S PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOT INITIATIVE
TAIWAN SEEKS LEADERSHIP POSITION
FACTORS AFFECTING PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOTS
TABLE 36 U.S. FINANCED ROBOT PROJECTS–CIVILIAN AGENCIES (1983 THROUGH 2009 FISCAL YEAR)
FACTORS AFFECTING MILITARY ROBOTICS
WARS FOSTER CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT
TABLE 37 U.S. ARMED FORCES ROBOT RESEARCH (1983 THROUGH 2008 FISCAL YEAR)
TABLE 38 ROBOT PROJECTS FINANCED BY THE DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY (1983 THROUGH 2009 FISCAL YEAR)
TABLE 39 ROBOT PROJECTS FINANCED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (1983 THROUGH 2009 FISCAL YEAR)
TYPES AND TIERS OF MILITARY ROBOTS
TABLE 40 U.S. AIR FORCE UAV TIERS
TABLE 41 U.S. MARINE CORPS UAV TIERS
TABLE 42 U.S. ARMY UAV TIERS
TABLE 43 U.S. ARMY FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEM UAV CLASSES
TABLE 44 SIGNIFICANT NON–U.S. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
TABLE 45 SIGNIFICANT U.S. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
FACTORS AFFECTING SECURITY ROBOTS
FACTORS AFFECTING SPACE ROBOTS
TABLE 46 NASA FINANCED ROBOTICS PROJECTS (1983 THROUGH 2009 FISCAL YEAR)

Chapter-6: ROBOT PATENT ANALYSIS

TABLE 47 ASSIGNED PATENTS BEARING TITLE “INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS” (BY ORIGINAL ASSIGNEE AND FILING DATE)
A TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
TABLE 48 ROBOT WRISTS (BY ORIGINAL ASSIGNEE AND FILING DATE)
IDENTIFYING TECHNOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP
TABLE 49   SIGNIFICANT ASSIGNED ROBOTICS PATENTS (BY ORIGINAL ASSIGNEE AND FILING DATE)
USING PATENTS TO IDENTIFY KEY NICHE MARKET PLAYERS
TABLE 50 ASSIGNED PATENTS FOR CLEANING ROBOTS (BY ORIGINAL ASSIGNEE)
TABLE 51 ASSIGNED PATENTS FOR MILKING ROBOTS (BY ORIGINAL ASSIGNEE)
TABLE 52 ASSIGNED PATENTS FOR ROBOTIC TELEMATICS (BY ORIGINAL ASSIGNEE AND FILING DATE)
ABSTRACTS OF NOTEWORTHY ROBOTICS PATENTS, BY PATENT NUMBER
PROGRAMMED ARTICLE TRANSFER
METHOD FOR TRANSFERRING WAFERS IN A SEMICONDUCTOR TAPE–PEELING APPARATUS
WELDING MACHINE AND METHOD FOR ASSEMBLING SAME
LINKING ELEMENT WITH SCREW JACK AND ITS USE FOR AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT ARM
PAINT SPRAY BOOTH WITH ROBOT
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING WAFERS
LIGHT–PINPOINTING DEVICE FOR A ROBOT
REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR BIPED LOCOMOTION ROBOT
SCARA–TYPE ROBOT WITH COUNTERBALANCED ARMS
STACK GRASPER FOR SHEET–LIKE PRODUCTS AND METHOD OF PALLETIZING USING A STACK GRASPER
ERROR RECOVERY METHODS FOR CONTROLLING ROBOTIC SYSTEMS
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATICALLY FOCUSING THE ATTENTION OF A VIRTUAL ROBOT INTERACTING WITH USERS

Chapter-7: ROBOT FORECASTS

TABLE 53 WORLDWIDE DEMAND FOR ROBOTS, BY INDUSTRY AND COMPONENT, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 54 ROBOTS DEMAND IN NORTH AMERICAN, BY INDUSTRY AND COMPONENT, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 55 ROBOTS DEMAND IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, BY INDUSTRY AND COMPONENT, THROUGH 2014
TABLE 56  ROBOTS DEMAND IN ASIA, BY INDUSTRY AND COMPONENT, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 57 ROBOTS DEMAND IN THE REST OF THE WORLD, BY INDUSTRY AND COMPONENT, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 58 ROBOT DEMAND BY INDUSTRY AND COMPONENT, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)

Chapter-8: ROBOTICS COMMUNITY PROFILES

ABB
ADEPT TECHNOLOGY, INC.
ADVANCING ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY FOR SOCIETAL IMPACT ALLIANCE
APPLIED MATERIALS, INC.
CARE PARTNERS
CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY ROBOTICS INSTITUTE
COLLÈGE DE FRANCE
COMAU
DENSO ROBOTICS
EUROPEAN ROBOTICS RESEARCH NETWORK (EURON)
EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS
FANUC LTD.
FARADAY ADVANCE
FOSTER–MILLER
FUJITSU FANUC
GENESIS SYSTEMS GROUP, LLC
HITACHI, LTD.
HONDA
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE)
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ROBOTICS (IFR)
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO)
IROBOT CORP.
JOINT ROBOTICS PROGRAM (JRP)
KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET
KAWASAKI ROBOTICS
KUKA ROBOTICS OF NORTH AMERICA
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MIT)
MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD
MITSUBISHI
MOTOMAN
NACHI ROBOTICS
NATIONAL ROBOTICS ENGINEERING CENTER
PILZ AUTOMATION
ROBOTICS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION (RIA)
ROBOTICS ALLIANCE PROJECT
ROBOTICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN
SICK, INC.
STÄUBLI
UNIMATION
UNIVERSITÀ CAMPUS BIO-MEDICO
UNIVERSITÀ DI FERRARA
UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA
UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA–MERCED
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SAN DIEGO
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA–SANTA CRUZ
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS - AMHERST
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN - ANN ARBOR
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO
UNIVERSITY OF PARMA
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH PROGRAM IN ROBOTICS
VECNA TECHNOLOGIES
VENTAX ROBOT, INC.
VIGYAN RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC.
VIKING ENERGY CORP.
WASEDA UNIVERSITY
WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
WORKSCIENCE CORP.
YALE UNIVERSITY
YASKAWA ELECTRIC

 


Additional Information

Number of Pages: 249

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