“Smart” materials are a class of materials that respond dynamically to electrical, thermal, chemical, magnetic, or other stimuli from the environment.  These materials are incorporated in a growing range of products, enabling these products to alter their characteristics or otherwise respond to external stimuli.

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal in publishing this updated report is to assess the impact of these developments on global markets for smart materials and related applications.  Objectives of both the original and the updated studies include:

• Identifying and describing the principal types of smart materials
• Analyzing and predicting trends in the most likely application(s) for each of these materials, as the basis for developing baseline estimates of the market for each type of smart material
• Pinpointing new materials and applications that are likely to be introduced in the next 5 years and their expected market impacts
• Drawing attention to manufacturers of smart materials and smart material-based products that are most likely to benefit from the trends identified above.

ASIA-PACIFIC INTENDED AUDIENCE

This report is intended especially for developers and vendors of smart materials and applications seeking to understand the market for their products.  Other readers who will find the report’s findings and conclusions informative include members of technical and professional organizations such as ASM (the former American Society for Metals) and the general technology interest community, including journalists and officials of government technology initiatives such as the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative.

SCOPE OF REPORT

The scope of this includes all major categories of smart materials, i.e.:

• Piezoelectric materials
• Electrostrictive materials
• Magnetostrictive materials
• Shape memory materials
• Smart fluids
• Smart hydrogels
• Electrochromic materials
• Phase change materials

The report analyzes the principal applications for each type of smart material (including commercial, industrial, medical, research and military applications) and estimates the current and projected worldwide market for each type of smart material and application through 2016.

The report format includes the following major elements:

• Executive summary
• Definitions
• Milestones in the development of smart materials
• Types of smart materials, their properties, technologies, and markets
• Smart material applications, end-users and markets
• Company profiles
• Patent analysis

METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this report. The findings and conclusions of this report are based on information gathered from industry sources such as smart material suppliers and users and other knowledgeable sources. Interview data were combined with information gathered through an extensive review of secondary sources such as trade publications, trade associations, company literature, and on-line databases to produce the baseline market estimates contained in this report.

The base-year for analysis and projection is 2010.  With 2010 as a baseline, market projections were developed for 2011 through 2016.  These projections are based on a combination of a consensus among the primary contacts combined with our understanding of the key market drivers and their impact from a historical and analytical perspective. The specific analytical methodologies and assumptions used to develop this report’s market projections are described in detail under the relevant product and application market headings. All revenue figures are in current dollars, unadjusted for inflation.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT

• Examinations and definitions of the major types of smart materials
• Analysis of global market trends, with data from 2010, estimates for 2011, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2016
• Evaluations of the markets for all materials categories: piezoelectric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, thermoresponsive, and rheological fluids
• Discussion of applications for all sectors: commercial, industrial, medical, research, and military
• An industry structure breakdown and comprehensive profiles of major producers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION  
STUDY BACKGROUND  1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES  1
ASIA-PACIFIC INTENDED AUDIENCE 1
SCOPE OF REPORT  2
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES  2
ANALYST CREDENTIALS  3
DISCLAIMER  4

CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY  
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR SMART
MATERIALS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 5
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR FORECAST FOR SMART
MATERIALS, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) . 6
SUMMARY (CONTINUED) . 7

CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW  
DEFINITION  8
HISTORY  8
TABLE 1 HISTORICAL MILESTONES IN SMART MATERIALS
DEVELOPMENT . 8
TABLE 2 SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES IN THE HISTORY OF
PIEZOELECTRICS . 9
TYPES OF SMART MATERIALS  10
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS . 10
Crystals  10
Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3)  10
Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO3) . 10
Ceramic  11
TABLE 3 PROPERTY CHARACTERISTICS OF PIEZOELECTRIC
CERAMICS* . 11
Barium Titanate . 12
Lead Metaniobate . 12
Lead Titanate  12
Polymers . 13
PVDF: Polyvinylidene Fluoride  13
PVDF-TRFE  13
PTFE . 14
Composites . 14
ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIALS . 14
TABLE 4 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS VS. ELECTROSTRICTIVE
MATERIALS  14
Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate . 15
Polymers . 15
MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS  15
TABLE 5 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS VS. MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
MATERIALS  15
Terfenol-D  16
Metglas . 16
SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS . 16
Shape Memory Alloys  16
Copper Based Alloys and Nickel-Titanium Alloys  16
TABLE 6 COMPARISON BETWEEN NI-TI ALLOYS AND COPPERBASED
ALLOYS  17
TABLE 7 NITINOL PROPERTIES . 17
Shape Memory Polymers . 17
TABLE 8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMPS VS. SMAS . 18
SMART FLUIDS  18
Electrorheological Fluids . 18
Magnetorheological Fluids  18
SMART HYDROGELS . 18
OTHERS . 19
Electrochromic Materials  19
Phase Change Materials . 19
APPLICATIONS . 20
TABLE 9 CLASSES OF SMART MATERIAL APPLICATIONS . 20
MOTORS AND ACTUATORS . 20
SENSORS . 20
TRANSDUCERS  21
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS  21
END-USER INDUSTRIES . 21
TABLE 10 MAJOR END-USER INDUSTRIES OF SMART MATERIAL
SAND DEVICES  21
CONSUMER/COMMERCIAL . 22
Motor Vehicles . 22
Building Materials . 22
Retail Security . 22
Consumer Products . 23
INDUSTRIAL . 23
MEDICAL . 23
RESEARCH  23
MILTARY . 23
OTHER END-USER SEGMENTS. 24
GLOBAL MARKETS  24
TOTAL MARKET SIZE/GROWTH TRENDS . 24
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL SMART MATERIALS MARKET, 2010–2016 ($
MILLIONS)  24
MARKET BY TYPE OF SMART MATERIAL  25
TABLE 11 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR SMART MATERIAL AND
COMPONENT MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)  25
FIGURE 2 GLOBAL SMART MATERIAL MARKET PRODUCT
SEGMENTS, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 26
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL SMART MATERIAL MARKET PRODUCT
SEGMENTS, 2010-2016 (%) . 27
MARKET BY END-USER SEGMENT  27
TABLE 12 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PRODUCT SALES BY END-USER
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)  28
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL SMART MATERIAL MARKET BY END-USER
SEGMENT, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS)  28
FIGURE 5 GLOBAL SMART MATERIAL MARKET END-USER
SEGMENTS, 2010-2016 (%) . 29
MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL MARKETS FOR SMART
MATERIALS . 29
TABLE 13 GLOBAL SMART MATERIALS MARKET BY
COUNTRY/REGION, THROUGH 2016 MILLIONS) . 30
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL SMART MATERIALS MARKET GEOGRAPHICAL
SEGMENTS, 2010–2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 30
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL SMART MATERIALS MARKET GEOGRAPHICAL
SEGMENTS, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 31

CHAPTER FOUR: PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS  
SUMMARY  32
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
AND DEVICES ($ MILLIONS) . 32
TECHNOLOGIES . 33
MATERIALS. 33
Single Crystals . 33
Quartz  33
Single-crystal Ceramics  34
Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) . 34
Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO3)  34
Polycrystalline Ceramics . 34
TABLE 14 PROPERTY CHARACTERISTICS OF PIEZOELECTRIC
CERAMICS* . 35
Lead Zirconate Titanate . 35
Barium Titanate . 35
Lead Metaniobate . 36
Lead Titanate  36
Polymers . 36
PVDF: Polyvinylidene Fluoride  37
PVDF-TRFE  37
PTFE . 37
Composites . 37
MANUFACTURING METHODS  38
Crystals  38
Czochralski Method  38
Floating Zone Method . 38
Ceramics  39
TABLE 15 TYPICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS  39
Ferroelectric Thin-Film Technology . 40
Physical Vapor Deposition  41
Chemical Vapor Deposition . 41
Sol-gel Processing . 41
Thick-Film Growth Techniques . 41
Tape Casting Method . 42
Screen printing . 42
Aerosol Deposition Method . 42
Polymer Composites  42
APPLICATIONS . 43
MOTORS AND ACTUATORS . 43
Fuel Injection Systems  43
Camera Lenses  44
Inkjet Printer Heads . 44
Cutting Machines  44
Valves . 45
Deformable Mirrors . 45
Interferometers  45
Atomic Force Microscopes . 46
Spectroscopes . 46
Aircraft Vertical Tail Buffeting Alleviation 46
SENSORS . 47
Accelerometers . 47
Gyroscopes . 48
Pyroelectric Detectors  49
Shock Sensors  49
Smoke Alarms  49
Ultrasonic Sensors . 49
“Electronic Noses”  50
Bubble Sensors  50
Knock Sensors  50
TRANSDUCERS  50
Audio Transducers . 51
Generators . 51
Self-Heated Boots  51
Speakers . 51
Buzzers . 51
Sports Equipment  52
Microphone Transducers . 52
Medical Ultrasound . 53
Missile Guidance Systems . 53
Hydrophones  53
Sonar  53
Dampers . 54
Sounders  54
SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) Devices . 54
Transformers . 55
Gas Igniters . 55
Ultrasonic Cleaning . 56
Modulators  56
Oscillators  56
Capacitors  56
Data Storage  57
Filters . 57
SUPPLIERS  57
TABLE 16 SUPPLIERS OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS AND
RELATED PRODUCTS . 57
MARKETS . 58
TABLE 17 PROJECTED SALES OF PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES BY
DEVICE TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 59
FIGURE 9 PROJECTED SALES OF PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES BY
DEVICE TYPE, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 59
FIGURE 10 PROJECTED SALES OF PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES BY
TYPE OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL
SALES) . 60
FIGURE 11 PROJECTED SALES OF PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES BY
GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL SALES). 61

CHAPTER FIVE: ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIALS  
SUMMARY  62
FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ELECTROSTRICTIVE
MATERIALS AND DEVICES, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 62
TECHNOLOGIES . 63
ELECTROSTRICTIVE CERAMICS  63
ELECTROSTRICTIVE POLYMERS . 63
APPLICATIONS . 64
ACTUATORS  64
Actuators for Small Displacements  64
Micro Air Vehicles . 65
TRANSDUCERS  65
Sonar Transducers . 65
Haptic Devices . 65
Energy Harvesting  66
SUPPLIERS  66
TABLE 18 SUPPLIERS OF ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIALS, . 66
MARKETS . 66
TABLE 19 PROJECTED SALES FOR ELECTROSTRICTIVE DEVICES
BY DEVICE TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 67
FIGURE 13 PROJECTED SALES OF ELECTROSTRICTIVE DEVICES
BY DEVICE TYPE, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 67
FIGURE 14 PROJECTED SALES OF ELECTROSTRICTIVE DEVICES
BY TYPE OF ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIAL USED, 2010-2016 (%
OF TOTAL SALES) . 68

CHAPTER SIX: MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS
SUMMARY  69
FIGURE 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
MATERIALS AND DEVICES, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 69
TECHNOLOGIES . 70
TERFENOL-D  70
METGLAS  71
GALFENOL  71
APPLICATIONS . 71
ACTUATORS  72
Active Noise and Vibration Cancellation  72
Valves . 72
Screen Cleaning . 72
Machine Tool Control  72
Standard Industrial Actuators  73
SENSORS . 73
Position Sensors . 73
TRANSDUCERS  73
Sonar  73
Self-Cleaning Paper Coating System  73
Electronic Article Surveillance Tags. 74
Wall/Window Speakers  74
Electrical and Electronic Equipment  74
SUPPLIERS  75
TABLE 20 SUPPLIERS OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS AND
DEVICES  75
MARKETS . 75
TABLE 21 PROJECTED SALES OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DEVICES
BY DEVICE TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 76
FIGURE 16 PROJECTED SALES OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DEVICES
BY DEVICE TYPE, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 77
FIGURE 17 PROJECTED SALES OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DEVICES
BY TYPE OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIAL USED, 2010-2016
(% OF TOTAL SALES)  78
FIGURE 18 PROJECTED PRODUCTION OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
DEVICES BY GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL
SALES) . 79

CHAPTER SEVEN: SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS  
SUMMARY  80
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS
AND DEVICES, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS)  80
TECHNOLOGIES . 81
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS  81
TABLE 22 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS . 82
Nitinol  82
Copper-Based SMAs  83
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS  84
Diaplex . 85
Polyurethane Films . 85
Bi-Material Film Laminates . 86
Encapsulated Bi-Gels  86
APPLICATIONS . 86
ACTUATORS  86
Stents . 86
Embolic Protection Filters . 87
Dental Braces. 87
Coronary Duct Occluder  87
Dampers and Valves  87
Medical Textiles . 88
Robotics  88
Insulating Fabric . 88
Aircraft Structures  89
Automotive Actuators  89
Toys  90
TRANSDUCERS  90
Protective Clothing  90
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS  90
Eyeglass Frames  90
Surgical Fixation Devices  91
Couplers . 91
Pseudo-Elastic Baskets . 91
Prosthetics/Orthotics . 91
Shape Memory Screws  91
No-Iron Textile Finish . 92
SUPPLIERS  92
TABLE 23 SUPPLIERS OF SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS AND
DEVICES  92
TABLE 23 (CONTINUED)  93
MARKETS . 93
TABLE 24 PROJECTED SALES OF SHAPE MEMORY DEVICES BY
DEVICE TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 93
FIGURE 20 PROJECTED SALES OF SHAPE MEMORY DEVICES BY
DEVICE TYPE, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 94
FIGURE 21 PROJECTED SALES OF SHAPE MEMORY DEVICES BY
TYPE OF SHAPE MEMORY MATERIAL USED, 2010-2016 (% OF
TOTAL SALES) . 95
FIGURE 22 PROJECTED PRODUCTION OF SHAPE MEMORY
DEVICES BY GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL
SALES) . 96

CHAPTER EIGHT: SMART FLUIDS  
SUMMARY  97
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SMART FLUIDS, 2010-2016 ($
MILLIONS)  97
TECHNOLOGIES . 98
MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS  98
ELECTORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS  99
APPLICATIONS . 99
ACTUATORS  99
Brake Systems . 99
Clutches . 100
Hydraulic Valves . 100
Optical Finishing . 100
TRANSDUCERS  100
Shock Absorbers  100
Vibration Dampers  101
Prosthetic Devices . 102
Body Armor  102
SUPPLIERS  102
TABLE 25 SUPPLIERS OF SMART FLUIDS AND RELATED AND
DEVICES  102
MARKETS . 103
TABLE 26 PROJECTED SALES OF MAGNETO- AND
ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS BY TYPE OF APPLICATION,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 103
FIGURE 24 PROJECTED SALES OF MAGNETO- AND
ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL DEVICES BY DEVICE TYPE, 2010-2016
($ MILLIONS)  104
FIGURE 25 PROJECTED SALES OF MAGNETO- AND
ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS BY TYPE OF MATERIAL, 2010-
2016 (% OF TOTAL SALES) . 105
FIGURE 26 PROJECTED PRODUCTION OF MAGNETO- AND
ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL DEVICES BY GEOGRAPHICAL
MARKET, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL SALES)  106

CHAPTER NINE: SMART HYDROGELS  
SUMMARY  107
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SMART HYDROGELS, 2010-2016
($ MILLIONS)  107
FIGURE 27 (CONTINUED) . 108
TECHNOLOGIES . 108
POLYMERS  108
Temperature-Sensitive Polymers . 108
Ph Sensitive Polymers . 109
Ion Sensitive Polymers  109
“Shake Gels”. 109
Hydroactive Gels 109
ADDITIVES  109
Magnetic Particles . 110
Enzymes . 110
NANOTECHNOLOGIES . 110
APPLICATIONS . 111
ACTUATORS  111
Artificial Muscles . 111
SENSORS . 111
Biosensors  111
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS  112
Seals . 112
Drug Delivery Systems  112
Artificial Tissue . 112
SUPPLIERS  113
TABLE 27 SUPPLIERS OF SMART GELS . 113
MARKETS . 113
TABLE 28 PROJECTED SALES OF SMART GELS BY TYPE OF
APPLICATION, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)  113
MARKETS (CONTINUED) . 114
FIGURE 28 PROJECTED PRODUCTION OF SMART HYDROGEL
DEVICES BY GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL
SALES) . 115

CHAPTER TEN: OTHER TYPES OF SMART MATERIALS  
SUMMARY  116
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER TYPES OF SMART
MATERIALS, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 116
FIGURE 29 (CONTINUED) . 117
ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS  117
TECHNOLOGIES  117
TABLE 29 MAJOR TYPES OF ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS . 117
TABLE 29 (CONTINUED)  118
APPLICATIONS . 118
Structural Materials  118
Rear-View Mirrors  118
Displays . 119
Architectural Windows . 119
Aircraft Windows  120
SUPPLIERS . 120
TABLE 30 SUPPLIERS OF ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS AND
DEVICES  120
TABLE 30 (CONTINUED)  121
MARKETS  121
TABLE 31 PROJECTED MARKET FOR ELECTROCHROMIC
MATERIALS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 121
FIGURE 30 PROJECTED PRODUCTION OF ELECTROCHROMIC
MATERIALS BY GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET, 2010-2016 (% OF
TOTAL SALES) . 122
PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS  122
TECHNOLOGIES  123
Phase-Change Materials . 123
Paraffin  123
Salt Hydrates  123
Eutectic Salts  124
Encapsulation Systems . 124
PCM Fabric Coatings  125
PCM Coatings . 125
PCM Fibers . 125
APPLICATIONS . 125
Structural Materials  125
Building Materials  125
Textiles  126
Shipping and Packaging . 126
Electronics Cooling . 127
Energy Storage  127
SUPPLIERS . 127
TABLE 32 SUPPLIERS OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS AND
DEVICES  128
MARKETS  128
TABLE 33 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS
AND PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 129
APPENDIX A: COMPANY PROFILES  130
PIEZOELECTRIC MANUFACTURERS . 130
ADVANCED CERAMETRICS, INC. . 130
ALPHA CERAMICS INC.  130
APC INTERNATIONAL, LTD.  131
AVX CORP. . 131
CEDRAT TECHNOLOGIES SA  131
CERAMTEC AG . 132
CHANNEL INDUSTRIES INC.  132
CILAS . 133
CTS CORP. . 133
DENSO CORP. . 133
EPCOS AG  134
FERROPERM PIEZOCERAMICS A/S  134
FUJI CERAMICS CORP. . 134
FUJI TITANIUM INDUSTRY CO., LTD. . 135
KYOCERA  135
LOCKHEED MARTIN . 135
LUMEN DYNAMICS GROUP INC.  136
MEASUREMENT SPECIALTIES, INC. . 136
MIDÉ TECHNOLOGY CORP 136
MURATA MANUFACTURING CO., LTD. . 137
NANOMOTION, LTD. . 137
NGK INSULATORS LTD. . 138
NOLIAC A/S . 138
NTK TECHNOLOGIES . 138
PCB PIEZOTRONICS INC. . 139
PI CERAMIC  139
PIEZO KINETICS, INC.  139
PIEZOMECHANIK GMBH . 140
PIEZOTECH . 140
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY LTD., . 140
SINOCERAMICS (USA) LLC. . 141
TDK CORP.  141
TERA XTAL TECHNOLOGY CORP.  141
VALPEY-FISHER CORP.  142
XINETICS INC.  142
ELECTROSTRICTIVE MANUFACTURERS  142
ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE, INC.  142
ECERTEC LTD. . 143
OPTOTUNE AG . 143
MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MANUFACTURERS  143
AMM TECHNOLOGIES  143
ETREMA PRODUCTS, INC. . 144
FEONIC TECHNOLOGY LTD. . 144
GANSU TIANXING RARE EARTH FUNCTIONAL
MATERIALS . 144
LIGHT ENGINEERING, INC.  145
MAROTTA SCIENTIFIC CONTROLS, INC. . 145
METGLAS, INC.  145
SHAPE MEMORY MATERIAL MANUFACTURERS  146
ADMEDES SCHUESSLER GMBH . 146
AEROFIT PRODUCTS INC. . 146
DYNALLOY, INC.  146
FINE TUBES LTD.  147
FORT WAYNE METALS . 147
FURUKAWA ELECTRIC CO., LTD.  147
MEMRY CORP.  148
NITINOL DEVICES AND COMPONENTS, INC. . 148
TINI ALLOY CO. . 148
SMART FLUID MANUFACTURERS  149
LORD CORP.  149
SMART HYDROGELS  149
M-BIOTECH, INC. . 149
MIDÉ TECHNOLOGY CORP 150
ELECTROCHROMIC MANUFACTURERS  150
AGC FLAT GLASS NORTH AMERICA . 150
FLABEG HOLDING GMBH  150
GENTEX CORP. . 151
MURAKAMI CORP. . 151
NIKON CORP. 151
NTERA INC. . 152
SAGE ELECTROCHROMICS INC.  152
COMPAGNIE DE SAINT-GOBAIN  153
PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL MANUFACTURERS . 153
ACUTEMP THERMAL SYSTEMS . 153
AI TECHNOLOGY INC.  154
CAPZO INTERNATIONAL BV . 154
COSELLA-DÖRKEN PRODUCTS, INC.  154
GLACIER TEK INC.  155
HENKEL CORP.  155
LAIRD TECHNOLOGIES . 155
MITSUBISHI INDUSTRIES, LTD 155
OUTLAST TECHNOLOGIES, INC.  156
SCHOELLER TEXTIL AG . 156
TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. . 157
APPENDIX B: PATENT ANALYSIS  158
PATENTS  158
PATENTS BY TYPE OF SMART MATERIAL . 158
TABLE 34 U.S. SMART MATERIAL PATENTS, BY TYPE OF
MATERIAL (NUMBER/% OF PATENTS ISSUED THROUGH APRIL
1, 2011) . 158
TABLE 34 (CONTINUED)  159
PATENTS BY GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF INVENTOR OR
ASSIGNEE  160
TABLE 35 U.S. SMART MATERIAL PATENTS BY GEOGRAPHICAL
ORIGIN OF INVENTOR OR ASSIGNEE (NUMBER/% OF U.S.
PATENTS ISSUED THROUGH APRIL 1, 2011)  160
PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE . 160
TABLE 36 U.S. SMART MATERIAL PATENTS BY TYPE OF
TECHNOLOGY (NUMBER/% OF U.S. PATENTS ISSUED
THROUGH APRIL 1, 2011)  160
MAJOR IP PORTFOLIOS . 161
TABLE 37 SMART MATERIALS MAJOR IP PORTFOLIOS (NUMBER
OF U.S. PATENTS HELD AS OF APRIL 1, 2011)  161