Ultra-low power energy harvesters, or micro energy scavengers, are small electromechanical devices which harvest ambient energy and convert it into electricity. Energy scavengers can harvest different types of energies. Solar energy can be harvested with photovoltaic solar cells, thermal energy can be harvested with thermoelectric generators, mechanical energy can be harvested with piezoelectric, electromagnetic or electrostatic converters, and finally, electromagnetic energy can be harvested through RF resonators.

Energy harvesting and power management integrated circuits (ICs) are in a position to enable the commercial rollout of the next generation of low power electronic devices and systems. Low power devices are being deployed for wireless as well as wired systems, such as mesh networks, sensor and control systems, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Applications include home automation, building automation, industrial process/automated meter reading, medical, military, automotive tire pressure sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID) and others.
 
Battery maintenance and replacement are often cited as the biggest reason to use energy harvesting. The first markets for these new technologies have been applications where batteries are problematic, such as building and home automation, military and avionic devices, communications and location devices, and transportation. 

Wireless sensor systems are emerging as a key technology for future remote environmental monitoring in both internal and external environments. Ultra-low power energy harvesting is an important emerging area of low power technology that can provide energy to wireless sensor networks, utilizing the vibrations inherent in structures, vehicles and machinery to create power or harvest energy, as well as solar or heat or human motions that can drive sensors and switches, eliminating the need for wires and batteries. Ultra-low power energy harvesting, however, is the only current option where long term, “fit and forget,” autonomous powering of wireless sensor nodes is the vision. Energy harvesting is a natural complement to ultra-low powering, including wireless mesh sensor networks. 
 
The coming decade will see the rapid emergence of low-cost, intelligent, wireless switches and wireless sensors and their widespread deployment throughout our environment. While wearable systems will operate over communications ranges of less than a meter, building management systems will operate with inter-nodal communications ranges on the order of meters to tens of meters, and remote environmental monitoring systems will require communications systems and associated energy systems that will allow reliable operation over kilometers. Autonomous power should allow wireless sensor nodes to operate in a “deploy and forget” mode. The use of rechargeable battery technology is problematic due to battery lifetime issues related to node power budget, battery self-discharge, number of recharge cycles and long-term environmental impact. Duty cycling of wireless sensor nodes with long “sleep” times minimizes energy usage. A case study of a multi-sensor, wireless building management system operating on the Zigbee protocol demonstrates that, even with a one-minute cycle time for an 864ms “active” mode, the sensor module is already in sleep mode for almost 99% of the time. For a 20-minute cycle time, the energy utilization in sleep mode exceeds the active mode energy by almost a factor of three and thus dominates the module’s energy utilization, thereby providing the ultimate limit to the lifetime of the power system.

The report reviews the various energy harvesting technologies currently available or under development. These include mechanical (electromagnetic, piezoelectric and electrostatic), light (indoor and solar), thermal, electromagnetic flux, and human power. Each suits only certain application scenarios, and some have yet to produce useful amounts of energy for practical application.
 
The study identifies and, where possible, describes the main commercial and academic centers of expertise in developing energy harvesting technologies. The emphasis here is on the UK and Europe, although others are identified. Although it is a small sector that is dominated by academics and very small companies, this is an area where Europe leads in practical application as well as technology development. A list of key patents is compiled to show which organizations are claiming related intellectual property in the field.
 
Supplying power to a network of sensor-transmitters has traditionally required expensive wiring installation or routine battery changes.  Gathering data from difficult or dangerous-to-reach locations using wired sensors may be impossible and may even compromise the safety of personnel while installing wiring and replacing batteries. A perpetual power source is essential for many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Energy harvesting technologies are on the verge of new breakthroughs with energy storage, and they are being paired with ultra-low power chipsets as well as plug-and-play software.
 
While still in an early phase, energy harvesting devices, which translate abundant sources of energy such as light, heat and mechanical into electrical energy, are rapidly being integrated with wireless sensor technologies. By 2011, there will be 150M to 200M wireless sensors being used in factory automation, process and environmental control, security, medicine, and condition-based maintenance, as well as in defense applications and intelligence gathering.

Such wireless sensor systems will: 

• require numerous individual devices (known as nodes or motes) to provide comprehensive monitoring capability;
• be located in inaccessible places much of the time; and
• have to operate with long intervals between scheduled maintenance. Periodic maintenance, such as replacing batteries, would clearly increase operating costs, and could be inconvenient, at best, if it required interruption of a continuous process. 
• There is clearly a need to develop an energy source that can last years with little or no maintenance.
• With all these developments, the need to conduct thorough technology, industry and market analyses of ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs.

The growing opportunity for developing “zero power” applications stems from exponential trends in three separate technologies. First, each new generation of wireless sensors, or microcontrollers, can accomplish much more for much less power. Second, wireless networking is evolving radios and protocols that carry increasing amounts of information at decreasing power levels. Finally, the ability to capture and utilize minute amounts of power by various means has expanded dramatically. This harvesting ability has now surpassed the falling power demands for many small systems, opening the door to myriad possibilities.
 
The report targets two types of ultra-low power energy harvesting devices – wireless switches for building automation and wireless sensor networks. It analyzes the worldwide markets for ultra-low power energy harvesting for these devices using  several technologies – electromagnetic, vibration to electricity, heat to electricity, solar to electricity and radio frequency to electricity – and covering  six applications – wireless sensor networks (WSNs), building automation (wireless, battery-less, low-power switches in big commercial buildings), automotives (tire pressure monitoring systems, or TPMSs), medical uses such as body area networks (BANs); precision agriculture; and consumer electronics and IT peripherals.  Information and projections are for the period from 2009 to 2014.
 
This report focuses on market data and analysis of the growing market for energy harvesting and next-generation storage solutions, specifically for wireless switches and wireless sensor networking.
 
The report provides the most thorough and up-to-date assessment that can be found anywhere on the subject. The study also provides extensive quantification of the many important facets of market developments in the emerging markets of ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs. This, in turn, contributes to the determination of what kind of strategic response suppliers may adopt in order to compete in this dynamic market.

The market data contained in this report quantify opportunities for ultra-low power energy harvesting for wireless switches and WSNs. In addition to product types, it also covers the many issues concerning the merits and future prospects of ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs, including corporate strategies and the means for providing these highly advanced products and service offerings. It also covers, in detail, the economic and technological issues regarded by many as critical to the industry’s current state of change.  

The report provides separate comprehensive analyses for the U.S., Japan, western Europe, China, Korea, and the rest of the world. Annual forecasts are provided for each region for the period 2009 through 2014. Cost analysis of ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs is provided. Global patent activity and market competition and dynamics in the new technology are also targeted in the report. The report profiles 30 companies, including many key and niche players worldwide, as technology providers and raw material suppliers to ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs product manufacturers.

This study would benefit existing original equipment manufacturing (OEM) companies involved in wireless switches and –the WSN business as suppliers or potential suppliers and clients looking for ultra-low power energy harvesting devices as alternate power solutions to the conventional battery in a fit-and-forget environment.

This study provides a technical overview of ultra-low power energy harvesting for wireless switches and WSNs, especially recent technology developments and existing barriers. Therefore, audiences for this study include marketing executives, business unit managers and other decision makers in the market, as well as those in companies peripheral to this business.

Because the report also analyzes the strategies and prospects of leading firms active in this space, it will be of interest to:   

• firms in the  spaces who want to understand the next wave of opportunities and how low power energy harvesting  will impact them in the future;
• advanced materials, components and sub-contract manufacturing companies who need to analyze the potential for selling their products and services into the low power energy harvesting segment; and
• investment bankers, venture capitalists and private equity investors who need a realistic appraisal of the revenue potential and timeframes associated with low power energy harvesting technologies based on nanostructured materials.

Recent developments in energy harvesting and autonomous sensing mean that it is now possible to power wireless sensors solely from energy harvested from the environment. Clearly, this is dependent on sufficient environmental energy such as vibration, heat and light being present. It is also possible to transfer energy wirelessly to nodes by means of effects such as electromagnetic induction (as used in wireless switches). Energy harvesting is a developing technology area, and prominent technologies facilitate the generation of electricity from electromagnetic induction, electricity from light (photo-voltaics), vibration (vibration energy harvesting) or thermal gradients (thermo-electrics). The intermittent nature of many environmental energy sources· means that viable devices must harvest energy from their operating environment when possible, and buffer excess energy in some kind of energy storage system such as thin-film batteries or supercapacitors.
 
The confluence of multiple technologies (low power micro-controllers and radios, sophisticated power management, better batteries, practical energy harvesting, and robust networking protocols) has enabled these wireless sensor network (WSN) projects to work in real-world situations to solve real-world problems.
 
Energy harvesting techniques can deliver energy densities of 7.5 mW/cm2 from outdoor solar, 100 µW/cm2 from indoor lighting, 100 µW/cm 2 from vibrational energy and 60 µW/cm2 from thermal energy typically found in building environments. A truly autonomous, “deploy and forget,” battery-less system can be achieved by scaling the energy harvesting system to provide all of the system needs.
 
Energy harvesting is now commercially viable technology.  This is because the necessary lower power electronics and more efficient energy gathering and storage methods are now sufficiently affordable, reliable and longer lived for a huge number of applications, especially WSN, to be practicable.
 
Successfully applied energy harvesting makes very real the prospect of small electronics systems, such as wireless sensors that are self-powered, maintenance-free, and virtually unrestricted in their placement. With careful power management and energy efficient design, developers can now effectively address applications that were totally impractical only a few years ago. This is just the beginning, as reducing power needs and increasing harvesting options perpetually broaden the range of possibilities.
 
The 2009 market was estimated to be about $79.5 million.  In spite of the recession, iRAP estimates that the market will reach $1,254 million in 2014, for an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 73.6%. 
 

Other major findings of this report are:  

• Electromagnetic energy harvesting kits will have the highest market share. Vibration-to-energy harvesting kits have a much smaller market share. Thermoelectric generators (TEG), photo-voltaic EH, and radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting will have a combined market share of  less than 6% in 2009. 
• Among the five markets, the potential market for energy harvesting based on wireless sensors and switches in buildings alone is in several billion pieces per year with a market share of over 90% in 2009. 
• Although starting with low numbers in 2009, the markets for energy harvesting (EH) devices and wireless sensors used in multiple applications such as WSNs (industrial machinery, agriculture, structural health monitoring), tire pressure monitoring systems and  medical related market such as body area network (BAN) would reach sizable numbers by 2014. 
• In 2009, the European market share is highest followed by North America, Japan, China, and the rest of the world (ROW).
• In 2014, the Europe market share will remain highest, despite a slight share decrease followed by North America. However, China will take over Japan to reach the third place by 2014.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
     STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
     REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
     CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
     SCOPE AND FORMAT
     METHODOLOGY
     INFORMATION SOURCES
     WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TO 
    

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
  SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
    HARVESTING DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
  SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
    HARVESTING DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS)

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
      MANUFACTURERS
  TABLE 1 ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE SUPPLIERS
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
  TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF DEVICES WITH RATINGS OF WS TO WATTS
  TABLE 3 CHARACTERSTICS OF VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES AVAILABLE IN AMBIENT AND HARVESTED POWER
  FIGURE 1 COMPARISION OF LIFETIME VERSUS POWER CONSUMPTION FOR
     SEVERAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
      ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES
            ENERGY FROM VIBRATION AND MOVEMENT
  TABLE 4 DIFFERENTIATION IN ELECTROSTATIC V/S PIEZOELECTRIC V/S
     ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING CONCEPTS
  TABLE 5 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES ( PIEZO
     GENERATORS/ELECTROMAGNETIC BASED)AVAILABLE IN 2009 
            POWER FROM HUMAN MOVEMENT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
               SWITCHES
            THERMAL ENERGY HARVESTING
  TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF THERMO-ELECTRIC GENERATORS
     AVAILABLE IN 2009 
             SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING
    TABLE 7 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF LOW POWER SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING
       DEVICES AVAILABLE IN 2009 
               RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) ENERGY HARVESTING
    TABLE 8 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE
       AVAILABLE IN 2009 
           MICROPOWER MANAGEMENT

MATERIALS USED IN ENERGY HARVESTING
  TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES IN 2009
 
APPLICATIONS
      WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS)
            CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT IN REMOTE  ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
  TABLE 10 SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A PROTOTYPE OF A REMOTE,
     WIRELESS WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM 
  TABLE 11 ESTIMATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL
     MONITORING SYSTEM 
      BUILDING AUTOMATION 
             CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT IN BUILDING
                 MANAGEMENT
  TABLE 12 SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A WIRELESS MODULE IN A BUILDING
     MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
  TABLE 13 DATA FOR THE CALCULATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR WIRELESS
     SENSOR SYSTEM IN OPERATION AND IN SLEEP MODE
  TABLE 14 ENERGY BUDGET FOR A WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEM CYCLE TIME
     FROM 1 SECOND TO 24 HOURS
  FIGURE 2 DAILY ENERGY CONSUMED FROM STORAGE V/S DUTY CYCLE (CASE
     STUDY 2)
  FIGURE 3 COMPARISION OF ENERGY HARVESTER DIMENSIONS (SOLAR,
     THERMAL AND VIBRATION) V/S A GIVEN DUTY CYCLE (%)
            CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SWITCH
      AUTOMOTIVES ­ TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM (TPMS)
      MEDICAL RELATED USES SUCH AS BODY AREA NETWORK (BAN)
      WSN IN INDOOR APPLICATIONS
  FIGURE 4 PATIENT REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING
      PRECISION AGRICULTURE
      CONSUMER ELECTRONICS AND ITS PERIPHERALS 
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
  TABLE 15 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MACRO-LEVEL (CM3) ENERGY HARVESTING
     KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS
  TABLE 16 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MICRO-LEVEL (MM3) ENERGY HARVESTING
     KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS
       COMPANY ALLIANCES
    TABLE 17 COMPANY ALLIANCES IN 2009.
       PRICE ANALYSIS OF ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS
              SWITCHES 
              SENSORS 
    FIGURE 5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER
    TABLE 18 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MODELS OF LOW POWER ENERGY
       HARVESTING KITS AND PRICES IN 2009 
       WIRED VS. WIRELESS ­ COST AND RELIABILITY
GLOBAL MARKET AND REGIONAL MARKET SHARES
  TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
     HARVESTING POWER SOURCE ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND
     WIRELESS SENSORS, 2009
  TABLE 20 PROJECTED GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER
     ENERGY HARVESTING SOURCE ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND
     SENSORS, 2014 
  TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW
     POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES
     AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION, 2009 AND 2014
     ($MILLIONS)
  FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
     HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS
     SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
  TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
     HARVESTING DEVICES TO POWER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS, 2009 AND 2014
      MARKET ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY 
  TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
     HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS
     SENSOR NETWORKS ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014.
  FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
     HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS
     SENSOR NETWORKS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLION)
      MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS BY PHYSICAL SIZE 
  TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW
     POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY SIZE, 2009 AND 2014
  FIGURE 8 MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY SIZE
      MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENRGY HARVESTERS BY REGION
  TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW
     POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY REGION, 2009 AND 2014 
  FIGURE 9 MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY REGION

PATENTS AND PATENT ANALYSIS
     U.S. PATENTS IN ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FOR
        WIRELESS NETWORKNG 
            ENERGY HARVESTING APPARATUS AND METHOD 
                 STRAIN ENERGY SHUTTLE APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR
                        VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING
                 ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNIQUE TO SUPPORT REMOTE
                        WIRELESS MEMS RF SENSORS 
                 MECHANICAL VIBRATION TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERTER
                 ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES
                 BROADBAND ENERGY HARVESTER APPARATUS AND METHOD
                 ENERGY HARVESTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR OPERATION AND
                        DATA TRANSMISSION
                 BROADBAND ENERGY HARVESTER APPARATUS AND METHOD
                 SYSTEM TO MONITOR THE HEALTH OF A STRUCTURE, SENSOR
                        NODES, PROGRAM PRODUCT, AND RELATED METHOD
                 ELECTROMECHANICAL GENERATOR FOR, AND METHOD OF,
                        CONVERTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONAL ENERGY INTO
                        ELECTRICAL ENERGY
                 HUMAN POWERED PIEZOELECTRIC POWER GENERATING DEVICE
                 POWER GENERATION UTILIZING TIRE PRESSURE CHANGES
                 SHAFT MOUNTED ENERGY HARVESTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR
                        OPERATION AND DATA TRANSMISSION
                 DEVICE FOR CONVERTING MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO
                        ELECTRICAL ENERGY
                 HIGH EFFICIENCY VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER
                 ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM, APPARATUS AND METHOD
                 AUTONOMOUS POWER SOURCE 
                 APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING POWER TO A SENSOR
                 ENERGY-AUTONOMOUS ELECTROMECHANICAL WIRELESS SWITCH
                 DEVICE FOR CONVERTING MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO
                        ELECTRICAL ENERGY 
                 HIGH EFFICIENCY PASSIVE PIEZO ENERGY HARVESTING
                        APPARATUS
        PATENT ANALYSIS
    TABLE 26 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO COMPANIES FOR ULTRA-
       LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY
       2009.
    FIGURE 10 ILLUSTRATION OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO TOP COMPANIES
       FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005
       THROUGH JULY 2009.
        INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN LOW POWER
           ENEGY HARVESTING DEVICES.
    TABLE 27 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED BY ASSIGNED
       COUNTRY/REGION FOR LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM
       2005 THROUGH JULY 2009
        IMPORTANT SELECTED WORLD PATENTS
                 WO/2008/124762 ENERGY HARVESTING FROM MULTIPLE
                        PIEZOELECTRIC SOURCES
                 GB0902395.3
                 WO/2004/030948 TELEMETRY UNIT 
                 WO/2004/030950 POWER CONSUMPTION PROTOCOL.

COMPANY PROFILES
     ADAPTIVENERGY
     ADVANCED CERAMETRICS, INC
     ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES, INC.
           AMBIENT MICRO, LLC
           AMBIOSYSTEMS LLC 
           ANALOG DEVICES, INC.
           ARVENI
           ASTRI
           CERAMTEC AG .
           CONTINENTAL TEVES AG & CO.
           CROSSBOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
           CYMBETTM CORPORATION 
           ENOCEAN ALLIANCE .
           EOPLEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 
           ETV CORPORATION PTY LIMITED 
           FERRO SOLUTIONS, INC
           FUJI CERAMICS
           GREENPEAK TECHNOLOGIES NV
           HOLST CENTRE
           IMEC
           INFINITE POWER SOLUTIONS
           INTEL CORPORATION 
           KCF TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
           LUMEDYNE TECHNOLOGIES INC. 
           MICROPELT GMBH
           MICROSTRAIN, INC. 
           MIDE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 
           MILLENNIAL NET, INC.
           NEXTREME THERMAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 
           OMRON MANAGEMENT CENTER OF AMERICA, INC.
           PEHA.
           PERPETUUM
           PIEZO SYSTEMS, INC.
           PIEZOTAG LTD.
           POWERCAST CORPORATION 
           POWERFILM, INC.
           SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.
           SCHRADER ELECTRONICS LTD.
           SENSOR DYNAMICS AG
           SMART MATERIAL GMBH 
           SOLAR WORLD INC .
           THERMO LIFE® ENERGY CORP. LABORATORY
           TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC .
           TPL, INC. 
           TRANSENSE TECHNOLOGIES PLC
           TYNDALL INSTITUTE .

ANNEXURE A TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR
   LOW COST, LOW POWER, LOW RATE WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
   (LR-WPAN) AND ZIGBEE
  TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF LR-WPAN WITH OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ZIGBEE
            ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY CONTENT AND FEATURES
ANNEXURE B GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY OTHER COMPANIES

LIST OF TABLES

   SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
   TABLE 1 ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE SUPPLIERS
   TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF DEVICES WITH RATINGS
      OF WS TO WATTS
   TABLE 3 CHARACTERSTICS OF VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES AVAILABLE IN
      AMBIENT AND HARVESTED POWER
   TABLE 4 DIFFERENTIATION IN ELECTROSTATIC V/S PIEZOELECTRIC V/S
      ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING CONCEPTS 
   TABLE 5 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES ( PIEZO
      GENERATORS/ELECTROMAGNETIC BASED)AVAILABLE IN 2009
   TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF THERMO-ELECTRIC GENERATORS
      AVAILABLE IN 2009 
    TABLE 7 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF LOW POWER SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING
      DEVICES AVAILABLE IN 2009 
   TABLE 8 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE
      AVAILABLE IN 2009 
   TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING
      DEVICES IN 2009
   TABLE 10 SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A PROTOTYPE OF A REMOTE,
      WIRELESS WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
   TABLE 11 ESTIMATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL
      MONITORING SYSTEM 
   TABLE 12 SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A WIRELESS MODULE IN A BUILDING
      MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
   TABLE 13 DATA FOR THE CALCULATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR WIRELESS
      SENSOR SYSTEM IN OPERATION AND IN SLEEP MODE
   TABLE 14 ENERGY BUDGET FOR A WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEM CYCLE TIME
      FROM 1 SECOND TO 24 HOURS
   TABLE 15 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MACRO-LEVEL (CM3) ENERGY HARVESTING
      KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS
   TABLE 16 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MICRO-LEVEL (MM3) ENERGY HARVESTING
      KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS
   TABLE 17 COMPANY ALLIANCES IN 2009
    TABLE 18 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MODELS OF LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING KITS AND PRICES IN 2009
   TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING POWER SOURCE ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND
      WIRELESS SENSORS, 2009
   TABLE 20 PROJECTED GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER
      ENERGY HARVESTING SOURCE ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND
      SENSORS, 2014
   TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW
      POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES
      AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION, 2009 AND 2014
      ($MILLIONS)
   TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING DEVICES TO POWER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS, 2009 AND
      2014. 62
   TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS
      SENSOR NETWORKS ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014
   TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW
      POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY SIZE, 2009 AND 2014
   TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW
      POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY REGION, 2009 AND 2014
   TABLE 26 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO COMPANIES FOR ULTRA-
      LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY
      2009
   TABLE 27 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED BY ASSIGNED
      COUNTRY/REGION FOR LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM
      2005 THROUGH JULY 2009
   TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF LR-WPAN WITH OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
   TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY OTHER COMPANIES 

LIST OF FIGURES

   SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS). IX
   FIGURE 1 COMPARISION OF LIFETIME VERSUS POWER CONSUMPTION FOR
      SEVERAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
   FIGURE 2 DAILY ENERGY CONSUMED FROM STORAGE V/S DUTY CYCLE (CASE
      STUDY 2)
   FIGURE 3 COMPARISION OF ENERGY HARVESTER DIMENSIONS (SOLAR,
      THERMAL AND VIBRATION) V/S A GIVEN DUTY CYCLE (%) 
   FIGURE 4 PATIENT REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING
   FIGURE 5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER
   FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS
      SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
   FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY
      HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS
      SENSOR NETWORKS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLION)
   FIGURE 8 MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY SIZE
   FIGURE 9 MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY
      REGION
   FIGURE 10 ILLUSTRATION OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO TOP COMPANIES
      FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005
      THROUGH JULY 2009