This report provides the WSN technologies and markets analysis and assessments; it concentrates on the recent developmental trends. The report is useful for service providers, retail operators, vendors, network operators and managers, investors and end users seeking to gain a deeper understanding of WSN-based structures opportunities and barriers.

For systems integrators, the report provides an analysis and assessment of competing products currently available as well as an estimation of the overall opportunities in the coming years. The end users can gain a more thorough understanding of product’s market and capabilities as well as the economics.

This report analyzes the development of advanced technologies and markets for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN).

In particular, it addresses and updates:

• Radio and technology standards supporting WSN, including: UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11
• Related markets
• USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network)concept, applications and development
• IP-based WSN
• Green telecom and WSN with extremely low requirements to maintenance
• Self-powered WSN
• Unattended Ground Sensor (UGS) technologies and markets
• Applications-WSN and UGS
• Current WSN implementation
• Survey of vendors portfolios.

The report covers a wide spectrum of modern trends in the WSN industry. The USN concept is evolving, and it promises a “universal” global connectivity and processing power that even difficult to predict today-it is expected that USN-based services will make our everyday life safer and allow many new applications that are not imaginable today.

Another area that attracts a lot of the industry attention (and covered in this report) is the design of low power consumption WSN nodes; power harvesting and other techniques make such nodes maintenance very easy-no wiring and no battery maintenance; they also fit to global requirements to make telecom “greener”. The report also stresses the importance of the development IP-based WSNs; such a development allows effective sensors networking and connectivity to external networks.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction 
1.1 General 10
1.2 Topic 10
1.3 Developments 11
1.3.1 WSN 12
1.4 Scope 13
1.5 Structure 13
1.6 Research Methodology 14
1.7 Target Audience 14

2.0 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology and Market 
2.1 Downturn 15
2.2 General: History 15
2.3 Benefits 16
2.3.1 IEEE 802.15.4a - 2007 17
2.4 Definition 19
2.5 Rates 19
2.6 Spectrum Allocation 20
2.7 Regulations 21
2.8 Major Features 22
2.9 Standards 23
2.9.1 Multiband OFDM 23
2.9.2 DS-UWB 25
2.9.3 Groups 27
2.9.4 ECMA 27
2.9.5 WiNET 28
2.9.6 EC-ETSI 28
2.9.7 Characteristics and Requirements: WSN-UWB 29
2.10 Market Estimate 31
2.10.1 General 31
2.10.2 Geographical Segmentation 32
2.10.3 Forecast 32
2.11 Industry 34
Alereon (chipsets) 34
Camero (radar, equipment for first responders) 36
Gefen (Device) 38
General Atomics (chipsets) 39
Multispectral (Zebra)-Sensors 39
Pulse~ Link (chipsets) 40
RealTek (IC) 42
Sensiotec (Health Care) 44
Sigma Designs (Chipsets) 45
Time Domain (chipsets-fusion of communications & radar) 46
Ubisense (RFID-tracking) 47
Wisair (WUSB-chipsets) 48

3.0 ZigBee 
3.1 General 50
3.2 Technology 50
3.2.1 Major Features 50
3.2.2 Device Types 52
3.2.3 Protocol Stack 53
3.2.3.1 Physical and MAC Layers – IEEE802.15.4 54
3.2.3.1.1 Frame 55
3.2.4 Upper Layers 56
3.3 Interoperability 57
3.4 Security 58
3.5 Platform Considerations 60
3.5.1 Battery Life 60
3.5.2 “Green” ZigBee 61
3.6 ZigBee Technology Benefits and Limitations 62
3.7 Specifications 63
3.7.1 ZigBee Alliance 63
3.7.1.1 Objectives 63
3.7.2 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 63
3.7.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Radio 64
3.8 Application Specifics - Profiles 64
3.8.1 Personal, Home and Hospital Care (PHHC) Profile 66
3.8.1.1 Objectives 66
3.8.1.2 Details 67
3.8.1.3 Major Features 68
3.9 Applications Overview 68
3.9.1 General 69
3.10 Market 69
3.10.1 Segments-ZigBee Market 69
3.10.2 Forecast 70
3.10.3 Industry 72
Airbee (Software) 72
Amber (RF Systems) 73
Atmel (Chipsets) 75
CEL (modules) 76
Cirronet-RFM (Modules) 77
Digi (Radio, Medical Application) 79
Duolog (Transceivers) 80
Ember (Chipsets) 81
Falcom (Modules) 84
GreenPeak (Modules) 85
Helicomm (Modules) 86
Jennic (Chipsets-Modules) 88
Freescale (Chipsets) 90
MeshNetics (Atmel Acquired MeshNetics ZigBee Intellectual Properties-February, 2009) (Modules) 92
Oki (Chipsets) 93
Philips Applied Technologies (Health Care application) 94
Renesas (Platforms) 95
Silicon Laboratories (Chipsets, Modules) 96
Synapse (Module, Protocols) 97
TI (Chipsets) 98

4.0 IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 
4.1 BT Protocol Stack 100
4.1.1 Transport layer 101
4.1.1.1 Radio Layer 101
4.1.1.2 Baseband and Link Manager Layers 102
4.1.1.3 Middleware Layer 103
4.2 Profiles 103
4.2.1 Ultra Low Power Profile 105
4.2.2 Medical Profile 107
4.2.2.1 IEEE 11073 and BT 109
4.3 Bluetooth Security 110
4.4 Highlights 111
4.4.1 The Standard: 111
4.4.2 The Technology: 111
4.4.3 Evolution 112
4.5 Market Estimate 114
4.6 BT Industry-HDP 117
Atheros 117
Bluegiga 118
Cambridge Consultants 119
Continua 120
CSR 121
iFoundry-Nestronics 122
Laird Technologies 122
Libelium 123
Nonin 124
Polar Electro Oy 125
Panasonic 126
Stollmann 126

5.0 IEEE 802.11 
5.1 General 128
5.2 Atmel 128
5.3 Gainspan 129
5.4 G2 Microsystems (Acquired by Roving Networks) 130
5.5 Redpine Signals 132
5.6 RF Monolithics 134
5.7 ZeroG (Microchip) 134

6.0 Competition Landscape 

7.0 UGS Technology–Specifics and Applications 
7.1 Smart Sensor Structure 138
7.2 Classification - UGS 139
7.3 Details 141
7.3.1 WSN-UGS 142
7.3.2 Requirements 142
7.4 Networking 144
7.4.1 Features of Mesh Topology 145
7.4.2 Benefits and Limitations 146
7.5 UGS Tasks 147
7.5.1 Characteristics 148
7.5.2 Details 149
7.5.2.1 Examples 150
7.5.2.2 Future Combat Systems 151
7.5.2.3 Subgroups 152
7.5.2.4 Tactical Subgroup 152
7.5.2.5. Urban/MOUT Advanced Sensor Systems 152
7.6 Standardization: IEEE 1451 153
7.6.1 General 153
7.6.2 Family 153
7.6.3 Details 155
7.7 Application Examples 155
7.7.1 Commercial 155
7.7.2 Military 158
7.8 Challenges 159
7.9 Market Characteristics 160
7.9.1 General 160
7.9.2 Market Estimate 161
7.9.3 Trends 164
7.10 UGS Vendors 165
Brimrose (UGS) 165
BAE Systems 166
BBN (Raytheon BBN Technologies) 168
Crossbow (WSN) 169
Crane (WSN-ZigBee) 170
Elta (UGS) 173
Exensor (Sensor Systems) 174
Intel (Chipsets) 175
Freescale (sensors) 176
FluxData (UGS) 177
Harris (UGS) 178
IWT (UGS Mesh) 180
L3 (UGS) 183
McQ (UGS) 185
MeshDynamics (Mesh) 186
Millennial Net (Mesh-UGS) 189
Nelco (Remote Sensors) 190
NorthropGrumman (UGS) 191
Octave Technologies (SW, WSN) 192
Qual-Tron (Sensors) 193
Rheinmetall (UGS) 194
Selex Galileo (UGS) 195
Smart Sensor Systems 196
Telonics (Sensors) 197
TextRon (UGS) 198
Thales (UGS) 200
Trident (UGS-UWB) 201
Zeltech (UGS) 204

8.0 WSN Advances 
8.1 Goals 206
8.2 Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) 206
8.2.1 Definition 207
8.2.2 Task 208
8.2.2.1 Components 208
8.2.2.2 Applications 209
8.2.2.2.1 Climate Change 209
8.2.2.2.2 Examples 209
8.2.3 Comparison 210
8.2.4 Standardization Activity 211
8.2.4.1 ITU-T 211
8.2.4.2 ISO 213
8.3 IETF and IP/WSN 215
8.3.1 Major Projects 215
8.3.1.1 6LoWPAN WG 216
8.3.1.1.1 6LoWPAN Development 216
8.3.1.1.2 NanoStack 217
8.3.1.1.3 Details 218
8.3.1.2 ROLL WG 219
8.4 Major Characteristics of IP-USN 220
8.5 IPSO Alliance (IP for Smart Objects) 221

9.0 WSN and Self-Powered Sensors 
9.1 Methods 222
9.2 Batteries 223
9.3 Power Harvesting Technologies 224
9.3.1 Energy Sources 224
9.3.2 Green Technologies Requirements 226
9.3.3 Self-powered Nodes 226
9.3.4 Industry –Market Estimate 227
9.4 Vendors 228
Advanced Cerametrics 228
AmbioSystems 229
Ambient Micro 230
Arch Rock (was acquired by Cisco in 2010) 231
Cymbet 233
EnOcean 234
Grape Networks 236
GreenPeak 237
GreyStone 238
JDL 240
Jennic 241
Perpetua 242
Rittal 243
SensorDinamics 244
Sensinode 245
Sentilla 245
Spinwave 246
TI 248

10.0 Conclusions 
Attachment: USN Project-Example 251

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Illustration - UWB Spectrum 20
Figure 2: DS-UWB Spectrum Characteristics 26
Figure 3: Spectrum Regulations-UWB 26
Figure 4: TAM: Global UWB IC Revenue ($B) 33
Figure 5: TAM: Global UWB IC (Unit Bil) 33
Figure 6: ZigBee Channels 52
Figure 7: ZigBee Protocol Stack 54
Figure 8: ZigBee Security 60
Figure 9: Applications Example 66
Figure 10: TAM: ZigBee Modules Sales ($B) 70
Figure 11: TAM: ZigBee Modules Sales (Bil. Units) 71
Figure 12: ZigBee Market Application Segmentation (2011) 71
Figure 13: ZigBee Market Segmentation (2016) 72
Figure 14: Bluetooth Protocol Stack 102
Figure 15: Piconets Illustration 103
Figure 16: BT HDP Building Blocks 111
Figure 17: TAM –BT Modules Sales (Bil. Units) 116
Figure 18: TAM – BT Modules Sales ($B) 116
Figure 19: BT Market Geographical Segmentation 117
Figure 20: Addressable Market: BT-HDP modules (Bil. Units) 117
Figure 21: Addressable Market: BT- HDP Modules Sales ($B) 118
Figure 22: Two Groups 139
Figure 23: UGS-Functions 140
Figure 24: UGS Technologies 141
Figure 25: WSN-UGS Node 142
Figure 26: TAM - WSN Nodes Sales-Commercial - Global ($B) 162
Figure 27: TAM-WSN Node Sales – Commercial -Global (M Units) 163
Figure 28: TAM: UGS Nodes Sales - Commercial-Global ($B) 163
Figure 29: TAM-UGS Node Sales Global - Commercial (Mil. Units) 164
Figure 30: UGS Market Geographical Segmentation 165
Figure 31: UGS Network Sizing 166
Figure 32: Examples-USN Applications 207
Figure 33: TAM: Self-powered Sensors Sales ($B) 227
Figure 34: TAM: Self-powered Sensors Sales (Bil. Units) 228

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Standard Bands 19
Table 2: MB-OFDM UWB Frequencies Designation 24
Table 3: Comparison: DS-UWB and MB-OFDM 27
Table 4: UWB Characteristics 30
Table 5: ZigBee Parameters 55
Table 6: Classes 103
Table 7: Bluetooth Profiles 106
Table 8: Comparison 137
Table 9: UGS Node-Price Components 164
Table 10: USN – ITU-T Documents 213
Table 11: Sources 226