Building the Global Hydrogen Economy: Technologies and Opportunities

INTRODUCTION

• STUDY BACKGROUND
• GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
• INTENDED AUDIENCE
• SCOPE OF REPORT
• METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
• ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS
• DISCLAIMER

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• SUMMARY TABLE: GLOBAL HYDROGEN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT INVESTMENTS, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
• SUMMARY FIGURE: SHARE TRENDS FOR HYDROGEN PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT, 2014 AND 2020 (% TOTAL INVESTMENTS)

OVERVIEW

• HYDROGEN ECONOMY
• DEFINITIONS
  • HYDROGEN CHARACTERISTICS
  • GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION
    • FIGURE 1: GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION SHARE, 2014 (%)
    • TABLE 1: GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2020 (MILLION TONS)
    • FIGURE 2: GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION TRENDS, 2014-2020 (MILLION TONS)
  • RATIONALE FOR A HYDROGEN ECONOMY
    • Economic
    • Environmental
    • Energy Security
    • Economic Development
    • Other Socio-Economic Impacts
  • TECHNOLOGIES
    • HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
    • HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
    • HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGIES
    • ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES
    • DIRECT HYDROGEN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES
    • OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
  • MARKET SUMMARY
    • TABLE 2: GLOBAL HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENTS, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
    • FIGURE 3: GLOBAL HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY SHARES, 2014-2020 (%)

GOVERNMENT-SUPPORTED HYDROGEN INITIATIVES

• U.S.
  • FEDERAL INITIATIVES
    • Department of Energy
      • FIGURE 4: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL FUNDING, FISCAL YEARS, 2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS)
      • FIGURE 5: HYDROGEN BUDGET OF U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, FISCAL YEAR 2014 (% OF HYDROGEN BUDGET)
    • Other U.S. Government Programs and Initiatives
  • STATE INITIATIVES
    • California
    • New York
    • Other States
  • REGIONAL INITIATIVES
    • Clean Energy States Alliance
• EUROPEAN UNION
  • EUROPEAN UNION PROGRAMS
    • European Union Framework Program
      • FIGURE 6: EUROPEAN UNION FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN JOINT UNDERTAKING OPERATION BUDGET, 2008-2013 (MILLION EUROS)
      • FIGURE 7: JOINT UNDERTAKING HYDROGEN INVESTMENTS BY AREA, 2008-2013 (% OF TOTAL HYDROGEN INVESTMENTS)
    • Carbon Dioxide Emission Restrictions
  • EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES
    • Germany
    • France
    • Italy
    • Denmark
• JAPAN
• CHINA
• INDIA
• OTHER COUNTRIES
  • AUSTRALIA
  • CANADA
  • ICELAND
  • SOUTH KOREA
  • RUSSIA
• INTERGOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS
  • U.S.-E.U. COLLABORATION
  • INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
  • INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY HYDROGEN COORDINATION GROUP

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

• SUMMARY
• PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES
  • THERMAL PROCESSES
    • TABLE 3: THERMAL PROCESSES FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
    • Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
    • Partial Oxidation
    • Autothermal Reforming
    • Coal Gasification
      • FutureGen
    • Carbon Black and Hydrogen Process
    • Biomass Gasification
    • Gasification with Oxygen
      • HydroMax Process
      • Startech Process
      • Pyrolysis
      • National Renewable Energy Laboratory/Eprida Process
    • Reforming of Renewable Liquid Fuels
      • ECD Ovonics
      • HTC Purenergy
      • Innovatek
    • High-Temperature Water Splitting
      • Sulfur-Iodide Cycle
  • ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES
    • TABLE 4: ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
    • Conventional Electrolysis
    • High-Temperature Electrolysis
      • Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
      • Energy Sources
        • Nuclear Reactors
        • Solar Concentrators
      • Technological Challenges
    • Other Electrolytic Technologies for Hydrogen Production
      • Hybrid Thermochemical and Electrolytic Processes
        • Hybrid Sulfur Process
        • SRI Process
  • PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES
    • TABLE 5: PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
    • Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
    • Photobiological Water Splitting
  • OTHER TYPES OF PROCESS
    • Dark Fermentation
• PATENT ANALYSIS
  • PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE
    • FIGURE 8: U.S. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATENTS ISSUED BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 1975-AUGUST 1, 2015 (%)
  • PATENT TRENDS OVER TIME
    • TABLE 6: U.S. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATENTS ISSUED, 2008-AUGUST 1, 2015 (PATENTS)
  • MAJOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS
    • FIGURE 9: MAJOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS ISSUED, 1975-AUGUST 1, 2015 (%)
• MARKETS
  • TABLE 7: GLOBAL MARKET FOR EQUIPMENT USED TO GENERATE HYDROGEN FOR DIRECT ENERGY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
• LARGE AND CENTRALIZED HYDROGEN PLANTS
  • TABLE 8: PROJECTED EXPENDITURES ON CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROGEN GENERATORS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE AND CENTRALIZED HYDROGEN POWER PLANTS, 2014-2020 ($ MILLIONS)
• DECENTRALIZED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
  • External Fuel Cell Reformers
    • TABLE 9: GLOBAL FUEL CELL REFORMER MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Hydrogen Stations

HYDROGEN STORAGE

• SUMMARY
• PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES
  • TABLE 10: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TARGETS FOR ON-BOARD HYDROGEN STORAGE SYSTEMS, 2020
  • TABLE 11: HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
• DIRECT STORAGE OF HYDROGEN
  • Gaseous Storage
    • Current Gaseous Hydrogen Storage Technology
    • Geologic Bulk Storage Systems
  • Liquid Storage
    • BMW Dual Fuel Thermo-Tank
    • Future Developments
• HYDROCARBONS
  • Technologies
    • Onboard Reforming of Hydrocarbons
      • Approaches to Onboard Reforming
        • External Reforming
        • Internal Reforming
      • Advantages and Disadvantages of On-Board Reforming
      • Commercial Status of Onboard Reforming
        • IdaTech
        • Innovatek
  • Direct Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells
    • Direct Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Types
      • Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
      • Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells
    • Commercial Status of Direct Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells
• AMMONIA STORAGE
  • Ammonia-Borane Storage
  • Ammonia-Sea Salt Storage
• METAL HYDRIDES
  • General Principles
  • Metal Hydride Types
  • Advantages and Disadvantages for Hydrogen Storage
  • Commercial Status
• ZEOLITES
  • General Principles
  • Zeolite Types
    • ZK-5
    • CD-Exchanged Rho Zeolite
    • Magnesium-Optimized Zeolites for Hydrogen Storage
    • Other Zeolites
• OTHER NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS
  • Carbon Nanotubes and Buckyballs
  • Metal-Organic Frameworks
• OTHER STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
  • Phosphonium Borate
  • Polymers
    • Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
    • Conformal Polymeric Foams
  • Ethylene
  • Hollow Glass Microspheres
• PATENT ANALYSIS
  • PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE
    • FIGURE 10: U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH AUGUST 1, 2015 (% PATENTS ISSUED)
  • PATENT TRENDS OVER TIME
    • TABLE 12: U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS ISSUED PER YEAR, 2008 - AUGUST 1, 2015 (PATENTS)
    • FIGURE 11: ANNUAL U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS ISSUED TRENDS, 2008 - AUGUST 1, 2015 (PATENTS)
  • MAJOR INELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS
    • FIGURE 12: MAJOR HYDROGEN STORAGE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS ISSUED, 1975 - AUGUST 1, 2015 (%)
• MARKETS
  • SUMMARY
    • TABLE 13: GLOBAL HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGY* MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • PRESSURIZED STORAGE CYLINDERS
    • TABLE 14: GLOBAL PRESSURIZED CYLINDERS USED TO STORE HYDROGEN MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • HYDROGEN FUEL TANKS
    • TABLE 15: GLOBAL MARKET FOR HYDROGEN FUEL TANKS USED IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020* ($ MILLIONS)

BULK HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION

• SUMMARY
• PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES
  • TANK TRUCKS, RAILCARS AND BARGES
  • TUBE TRAILERS
  • PIPELINES
    • New Hydrogen Pipeline Materials
    • Mixed Hydrogen and Natural Gas Pipelines
      • Commingled Hydrogen and Natural Gas
      • Alternating Hydrogen and Natural Gas
  • Other Technical Issues
    • Effect of Hydrogen Exposure on Pipeline Materials
    • Hydrogen Permeation and Leaks
    • Compression Technology
      • Single-Screw Hydrogen Compressor
      • Hydride Based Hydrogen Compressor
        • Advanced Centrifugal Compressor
        • Electrochemical Compressor
        • Advanced Materials for Compressors
  • Alternatives to Transmission of Gaseous Hydrogen
• HYDROGEN STATIONS
  • Hydrogen Filling Stations
    • Mobile Hydrogen Refuelers
  • Hydrogen Home Stations
• PATENT ANALYSIS
  • PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE
    • FIGURE 13: U.S. HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY PATENTS ISSUED, BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (%)
  • PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE
    • FIGURE 14: U.S. HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY PATENTS ISSUED BY ASSIGNEE, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (%)
• MARKETS
  • TABLE 16: GLOBAL HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
• TRANSMISSION
  • FIGURE 15: HYDROGEN FUEL SOURCES FOR EXISTING AND PLANNED HYDROGEN FILLING STATIONS, 2014 (PERCENTAGE OF EXISTING AND CURRENTLY PLANNED HYDROGEN STATIONS)
  • Liquid Hydrogen Tankers
    • TABLE 17: GLOBAL LIQUID HYDROGEN TANKER TRUCK MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • Tube Trailers
    • TABLE 18: GLOBAL COMPRESSED HYDROGEN TUBE TRAILER MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • Pipelines
• HYDROGEN STATIONS
  • TABLE 19: GLOBAL HYDROGEN STATION MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • Hydrogen Filling Stations
    • TABLE 20: GLOBAL INVESTMENTS IN NEW HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • Hydrogen Home Stations
    • TABLE 21: GLOBAL HYDROGEN HOME STATION MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)

ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

• SUMMARY
• PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES
  • FIGURE 16 FUEL CELL PRINCIPLES
• MAIN TECHNOLOGIES
  • TABLE 22 MAJOR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES
  • Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
  • Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
  • Alkaline Fuel Cells
  • Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
  • Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
  • Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
• PATENT ANALYSIS
  • PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE
    • FIGURE 17: U.S. FUEL CELL PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (%)
  • PATENT TRENDS OVER TIME
    • TABLE 23: U.S. FUEL CELL PATENTS ISSUED PER YEAR, 2008-2015 (NUMBER OF PATENTS)
    • FIGURE 18: ANNUAL U.S. FUEL CELL ISSUED PATENT TRENDS, 2008-2015 (NUMBER OF PATENTS)
  • MAJOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS
    • FIGURE 19: MAJOR FUEL CELL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS ISSUED, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (PERCENTAGE OF U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS)
• MARKETS
  • TABLE 24: GLOBAL FUEL CELL SALES BY APPLICATION TYPE, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 20: GLOBAL FUEL CELL SALE TRENDS BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2014-2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 21: GLOBAL FUEL CELL MARKET SHARES BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2014-2020 (% TOTAL SALES)

DIRECT HYDROGEN COMBUSTION

• SUMMARY
• TECHNOLOGIES
  • INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines
      • BMW Dual-Fuel Technology
      • Ford and Mazda Technology
    • Hybrid Hydrogen-Electric Propulsion Systems
    • Hydrogen-Boosted Gasoline Engines
  • TURBINES
• PATENTS
• MARKETS
  • TABLE 25: GLOBAL DIRECT HYDROGEN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
• HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• HYDROGEN TURBINES
  • TABLE 26: GLOBAL MARKET FOR LARGE HYDROGEN TURBINES USED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)

OTHER HYDROGEN-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES

• HYDROGEN SENSORS
  • TECHNOLOGIES
    • MEMS Hydrogen Sensors
    • Hydrogen Nanosensors
      • Nanoscale Palladium Thin-Film Sensors
      • Carbon Nanotube-Based Hydrogen Sensors
      • Titania Nanotube-Based Hydrogen Sensors
      • Nanowire-Based Hydrogen Sensors
• PATENTS
  • FIGURE 22: U.S. HYDROGEN SENSOR PATENT HOLDERS, DECEMBER 2009 - AUGUST 2015 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PATENTS)
• MARKETS
  • TABLE 27: GLOBAL HYDROGEN SENSOR MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)

COMPANY PROFILES

• ACTA SPA
• ADVANCED MATERIALS CORP.
• AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS INC.
• ALCHEMIX CORP
• AMMINEX A/S
• AVALENCE LLC
• BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS
• BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE AG
• CERAMATEC
• DIVERSIFIED ENERGY CORP
• DUPONT
• EPRIDA TECHNOLOGIES
• ERGENICS
• ETUDES CHEMIQUES ET PHYSIQUES SARL
• FOSTER WHEELER CORP.
• FUEL CELL ENERGY INC.
• GENERAL ATOMICS
• H2GEN INNOVATIONS INC.
• H2SCAN
• HALDOR TOPSOE A/S
• HCE LLC
• HTC PURENERGY
• HY9 CORP.
• HYDROGENICS CORP.
• INERGY AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS
• INNOVATEK INC.
• LINDE AG
• LUXFER GROUP LTD.
• MAGNA STEYR AG & CO. KG
• MAKEL ENGINEERING INC.
• MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCH INC.
• MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH INC.
• MERITOR INC.
• MO-SCI CORP.
• NANOMIX INC.
• PLUG POWER LLC
• PROTON ONSITE
• QUANTUM FUEL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE INC.
• SECAT INC.
• SOTACARBO S.P.A.
• TECHNIP SA
• UHDE GMBH
• WELDSHIP CORP.
• XEBEC INC.
• ZTEK COR
  
  

LIST OF TABLES

• SUMMARY TABLE: GLOBAL HYDROGEN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT INVESTMENTS, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 1: GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2020 (MILLION TONS)
  • TABLE 2: GLOBAL HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENTS, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 3: THERMAL PROCESSES FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
  • TABLE 4: ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
  • TABLE 5: PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
  • TABLE 6: U.S. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATENTS ISSUED, 2008--AUGUST 1, 2015 (PATENTS)
  • TABLE 7: GLOBAL MARKET FOR EQUIPMENT USED TO GENERATE HYDROGEN FOR DIRECT ENERGY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 8: PROJECTED EXPENDITURES ON CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROGEN GENERATORS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE AND CENTRALIZED HYDROGEN POWER PLANTS, 2014-2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 9: GLOBAL FUEL CELL REFORMER MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 10: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TARGETS FOR ON-BOARD HYDROGEN STORAGE SYSTEMS, 2020
  • TABLE 11: HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
  • TABLE 12: U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS ISSUED PER YEAR, 2008 - AUGUST 1, 2015 (PATENTS)
  • TABLE 13: GLOBAL HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGY* MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 14: GLOBAL PRESSURIZED CYLINDERS USED TO STORE HYDROGEN MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 15: GLOBAL MARKET FOR HYDROGEN FUEL TANKS USED IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020* ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 16: GLOBAL HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 17: GLOBAL LIQUID HYDROGEN TANKER TRUCK MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 18: GLOBAL COMPRESSED HYDROGEN TUBE TRAILER MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 19: GLOBAL HYDROGEN STATION MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 20: GLOBAL INVESTMENTS IN NEW HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 21: GLOBAL HYDROGEN HOME STATION MARKET, THROUGH 2020 (UNITS/$ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 22: MAJOR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES
  • TABLE 23: U.S. FUEL CELL PATENTS ISSUED PER YEAR, 2008-2015 (NUMBER OF PATENTS)
  • TABLE 24: GLOBAL FUEL CELL SALES BY APPLICATION TYPE, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 25: GLOBAL DIRECT HYDROGEN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 26: GLOBAL MARKET FOR LARGE HYDROGEN TURBINES USED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 27: GLOBAL HYDROGEN SENSOR MARKET, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) 127

LIST OF FIGURES

• SUMMARY FIGURE: SHARE TRENDS FOR HYDROGEN PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT, 2014 AND 2020 (% TOTAL INVESTMENTS)
  • FIGURE 1: GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION SHARE, 2014 (%)
  • FIGURE 2: GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION TRENDS, 2014-2020 (MILLION TONS)
  • FIGURE 3: GLOBAL HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY SHARES, 2014-2020 (%)
  • FIGURE 4: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL FUNDING, FISCAL YEARS, 2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 5: HYDROGEN BUDGET OF U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, FISCAL YEAR 2014 (% OF HYDROGEN BUDGET)
  • FIGURE 6: EUROPEAN UNION FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN JOINT UNDERTAKING OPERATION BUDGET, 2008-2013 (MILLION EUROS)
  • FIGURE 7: JOINT UNDERTAKING HYDROGEN INVESTMENTS BY AREA, 2008-2013 (% OF TOTAL HYDROGEN INVESTMENTS)
  • FIGURE 8: U.S. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATENTS ISSUED BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 1975-AUGUST 1, 2015 (%)
  • FIGURE 9: MAJOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS ISSUED, 1975-AUGUST 1, 2015 (%)
  • FIGURE 10: U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH AUGUST 1, 2015 (% PATENTS ISSUED)
  • FIGURE 11: ANNUAL U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS ISSUED TRENDS, 2008 - AUGUST 1, 2015 (PATENTS)
  • FIGURE 12: MAJOR HYDROGEN STORAGE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS ISSUED, 1975 - AUGUST 1, 2015 (%)
  • FIGURE 13: U.S. HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY PATENTS ISSUED, BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (%)
  • FIGURE 14: U.S. HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY PATENTS ISSUED BY ASSIGNEE, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (%)
  • FIGURE 15: HYDROGEN FUEL SOURCES FOR EXISTING AND PLANNED HYDROGEN FILLING STATIONS, 2014 (PERCENTAGE OF EXISTING AND CURRENTLY PLANNED HYDROGEN STATIONS)
  • FIGURE 16: FUEL CELL PRINCIPLES
  • FIGURE 17: U.S. FUEL CELL PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (%)
  • FIGURE 18: ANNUAL U.S. FUEL CELL ISSUED PATENT TRENDS, 2008-2015 (NUMBER OF PATENTS)
  • FIGURE 19: MAJOR FUEL CELL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS ISSUED, THROUGH AUGUST 2015 (PERCENTAGE OF U.S. HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS)
  • FIGURE 20: GLOBAL FUEL CELL SALE TRENDS BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2014-2020 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 21: GLOBAL FUEL CELL MARKET SHARES BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2014-2020 (% TOTAL SALES)
  • FIGURE 22: U.S. HYDROGEN SENSOR PATENT HOLDERS, DECEMBER 2009 - AUGUST 2015 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PATENTS)